China＇s Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） is, above all, a connectivity project. Asconnectivity requires financial support, in the past few years China has undertakenseveral institution-building activities at the nati...China＇s Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） is, above all, a connectivity project. Asconnectivity requires financial support, in the past few years China has undertakenseveral institution-building activities at the national and international level, mainlyin the finaneial and economic sector, showing a new propensity to influence globaleconomic governance. In particular, the establishment of the Asian InfrastructureInvestment Bank （AIIB） has drawn attention worldwide. How does this institution-building process connect with BRI？ Are these institutions just a vehicle for exportingChina ＂s capital and overcapacity, or do they signal a potential wider challenge to thepost-World War II liberal international order？ By analyzing the first loans approvedby the bank, the present paper argues that far from representing a China-led challengeto the Western-led liberal order, the AIIB, while promoting Chinese commercial andgeopolitical interests, shows the resilience of the global financial regime created by theWest.展开更多
The Hua-yi system represents an enduring international order in East Asia,dating back nearly two millennia,structured and developed within the framework of Chinese culture.While the contemporary international system p...The Hua-yi system represents an enduring international order in East Asia,dating back nearly two millennia,structured and developed within the framework of Chinese culture.While the contemporary international system predominantly follows the Westphalian model,mainstream international relations theories are primarily grounded in it.However,Western theories have proven inadequate in explaining the longstanding Hua-yi system in East Asia comprehensively.Adopting a positivist stance,this paper undertakes an examination of the theoretical underpinnings of the Hua-yi system through an analysis of its connotations and historical development.It elucidates the system through the lenses of hegemony stability theory and constructivist cultural perspectives.Present-day East Asian nations are urged to engage dialectically with the Hua-yi system and uphold its practices of“cultural soft border”.Amidst the global trend of multi-polarization,East Asian nations should realign with East Asian perspectives and interests,endeavoring to establish a neo-Hua-yi system with responsibility at its core.展开更多
In this paper,I trace the post-war Japanese genealogy of studies on China's tribute system(imperial China's relatively tolerant approach to its foreign relations)in relation to the English-language work of his...In this paper,I trace the post-war Japanese genealogy of studies on China's tribute system(imperial China's relatively tolerant approach to its foreign relations)in relation to the English-language work of historian John King Fairbank(1907-91).I emphasize that,together with the sporadic Chinese studies into China's tribute system prior to the 1950s,it was the post-war research of Japanese historians that inspired Fairbank,who,in turn,further stimulated critical debates on the topic in Japan.I first concentrate on post-war Japanese debates concerning an"East Asian world order"based on a"system of investiture/tribute."This notion,developed by the Japanese historian Nishijima Sadao in 1962,precisely corresponds to Fairbank's 1941 understanding of the"tribute system"or"Confucian world-order,"but contrasts with Fairbank's later,controversial understanding of a"Chinese world order"as proposed in 1968.In the second part of this paper,I introduce Japanese historian Hamashita Takeshi's 1980s and 1990s arguments on the"tribute trade system"as representative of the younger generation within this genealogy,contrasting it with the work of Immanuel Wallerstein and Andre Gunder Frank.In the third part,Ⅰlocate this Japanese genealogy within the wider historical context of post-war Japanese intellectual cultural politics.This means that I examine Japanese historians'arguments both from the angle of historiography and from the perspective of post-war Japanese intellectual history.展开更多
Since the opening of country gate by western powers,though forced to sign unequal treaties,modern Japan still moved toward to the road of expansion rapidly during the process of reforming to save the crisis,and finall...Since the opening of country gate by western powers,though forced to sign unequal treaties,modern Japan still moved toward to the road of expansion rapidly during the process of reforming to save the crisis,and finally broke the Sino-Centered regional order by launching the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.During the process,Japan used“Wanguogongfa”(《万国公法》,Japanese:Bankokukoho)as its new theoretical basis to deconstruct the traditional order in East Asia,they recognized the duality of Wanguogongfa:it emphasizes respecting sovereign authority of every country and preserving peaceful communication among them,but also a tool for powerful countries to bully and annex weak countries.Therefore,Japan utilized the“Principle of Equality”highlighted in the“Wanguogongfa”,which helped Japan obtain equal status with China.Immediately after that Japan forced Joseon to sign treaties successively by utilizing the“Law”and threatening with military force.Finally,Not only Japan accomplished the“Japanese hegemony”that Toyotomi Hideyoshi did not realize in the pre-modern,but also deconstructed the Sino-Centered regional order in East Asia,which had detectable impacts on the historical process.展开更多
文摘China＇s Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） is, above all, a connectivity project. Asconnectivity requires financial support, in the past few years China has undertakenseveral institution-building activities at the national and international level, mainlyin the finaneial and economic sector, showing a new propensity to influence globaleconomic governance. In particular, the establishment of the Asian InfrastructureInvestment Bank （AIIB） has drawn attention worldwide. How does this institution-building process connect with BRI？ Are these institutions just a vehicle for exportingChina ＂s capital and overcapacity, or do they signal a potential wider challenge to thepost-World War II liberal international order？ By analyzing the first loans approvedby the bank, the present paper argues that far from representing a China-led challengeto the Western-led liberal order, the AIIB, while promoting Chinese commercial andgeopolitical interests, shows the resilience of the global financial regime created by theWest.
文摘The Hua-yi system represents an enduring international order in East Asia,dating back nearly two millennia,structured and developed within the framework of Chinese culture.While the contemporary international system predominantly follows the Westphalian model,mainstream international relations theories are primarily grounded in it.However,Western theories have proven inadequate in explaining the longstanding Hua-yi system in East Asia comprehensively.Adopting a positivist stance,this paper undertakes an examination of the theoretical underpinnings of the Hua-yi system through an analysis of its connotations and historical development.It elucidates the system through the lenses of hegemony stability theory and constructivist cultural perspectives.Present-day East Asian nations are urged to engage dialectically with the Hua-yi system and uphold its practices of“cultural soft border”.Amidst the global trend of multi-polarization,East Asian nations should realign with East Asian perspectives and interests,endeavoring to establish a neo-Hua-yi system with responsibility at its core.
文摘In this paper,I trace the post-war Japanese genealogy of studies on China's tribute system(imperial China's relatively tolerant approach to its foreign relations)in relation to the English-language work of historian John King Fairbank(1907-91).I emphasize that,together with the sporadic Chinese studies into China's tribute system prior to the 1950s,it was the post-war research of Japanese historians that inspired Fairbank,who,in turn,further stimulated critical debates on the topic in Japan.I first concentrate on post-war Japanese debates concerning an"East Asian world order"based on a"system of investiture/tribute."This notion,developed by the Japanese historian Nishijima Sadao in 1962,precisely corresponds to Fairbank's 1941 understanding of the"tribute system"or"Confucian world-order,"but contrasts with Fairbank's later,controversial understanding of a"Chinese world order"as proposed in 1968.In the second part of this paper,I introduce Japanese historian Hamashita Takeshi's 1980s and 1990s arguments on the"tribute trade system"as representative of the younger generation within this genealogy,contrasting it with the work of Immanuel Wallerstein and Andre Gunder Frank.In the third part,Ⅰlocate this Japanese genealogy within the wider historical context of post-war Japanese intellectual cultural politics.This means that I examine Japanese historians'arguments both from the angle of historiography and from the perspective of post-war Japanese intellectual history.
文摘Since the opening of country gate by western powers,though forced to sign unequal treaties,modern Japan still moved toward to the road of expansion rapidly during the process of reforming to save the crisis,and finally broke the Sino-Centered regional order by launching the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.During the process,Japan used“Wanguogongfa”(《万国公法》,Japanese:Bankokukoho)as its new theoretical basis to deconstruct the traditional order in East Asia,they recognized the duality of Wanguogongfa:it emphasizes respecting sovereign authority of every country and preserving peaceful communication among them,but also a tool for powerful countries to bully and annex weak countries.Therefore,Japan utilized the“Principle of Equality”highlighted in the“Wanguogongfa”,which helped Japan obtain equal status with China.Immediately after that Japan forced Joseon to sign treaties successively by utilizing the“Law”and threatening with military force.Finally,Not only Japan accomplished the“Japanese hegemony”that Toyotomi Hideyoshi did not realize in the pre-modern,but also deconstructed the Sino-Centered regional order in East Asia,which had detectable impacts on the historical process.
