Electronic fibers used to fabricate wearable triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) for harvesting human mechanical energy have been extensively explored. However, little attention is paid to their mutual advantages of env...Electronic fibers used to fabricate wearable triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) for harvesting human mechanical energy have been extensively explored. However, little attention is paid to their mutual advantages of environmental friendliness, mechanical properties, and stability. Here, we report a super-strong, biodegradable, and washable cellulose-based conductive macrofibers, which is prepared by wet-stretching and wet-twisting bacterial cellulose hydrogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole. The cellulose-based conductive macrofibers possess high tensile strength of 449 MPa(able to lift 2 kg weights), good electrical conductivity(~ 5.32 S cm^(-1)), and excellent stability(Tensile strength and conductivity only decrease by 6.7% and 8.1% after immersing in water for 1 day). The degradation experiment demonstrates macrofibers can be degraded within 108 h in the cellulase solution. The designed fabric-based TENG from the cellulose-base conductive macrofibers shows a maximum open-circuit voltage of 170 V, short-circuit current of 0.8 μA, and output power at 352 μW, which is capable of powering the commercial electronics by charging the capacitors. More importantly, the fabric-based TENGs can be attached to the human body and work as self-powered sensors to effectively monitor human motions. This study suggests the potential of biodegradable, super-strong, and washable conductive cellulose-based fiber for designing eco-friendly fabric-based TENG for energy harvesting and biomechanical monitoring.展开更多
Since the invention of the triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） in 2012, it has become one of the most vital innovations in energy harvesting technologies. The TENG has seen enormous progress to date, particularly in ...Since the invention of the triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） in 2012, it has become one of the most vital innovations in energy harvesting technologies. The TENG has seen enormous progress to date, particularly in applications for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. It starts with the simple working principles of the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction, but can scavenge almost any kind of ambient mechanical energy in our daily life into electricity. Extraordinary output performance optimization of the TENG has been achieved, with high area power density and energy conversion efficiency. Moreover, TENGs can also be utilized as self-powered active sensors to monitor many environmental parameters. This review describes the recent progress in mainstream energy harvesting and self-powered sensing research based on TENG technology. The birth and development of the TENG are introduced, following which structural designs and performance optimizations for output performance enhancement of the TENG are discussed. The major applications of the TENG as a sustainable power source or a self-powered sensor are presented. The TENG, with rationally designed structures, can convert irregular and mostly low-frequency mechanical energies from the environment, such as human motion, mechanical vibration, moving automobiles, wind, raindrops, and ocean waves. In addition, the development of self-powered active sensors for a variety of environmental simulations based on the TENG is presented. The TENG plays a great role in promoting the development of emerging Internet of Things, which can make everyday objects connect more smartly and energy- efficiently in the coming years. Finally, the future directions and perspectives of the TENG are outlined. The TENG is not only a sustainable micro-power source for small devices, but also serves as a potential macro-scale generator of power from water waves in the future.展开更多
Stretchable thermoelectrics have recently attracted widespread attention in the field of self-powered wearable electronics due to their unique capability of harvesting body heat.However,it remains challenging to devel...Stretchable thermoelectrics have recently attracted widespread attention in the field of self-powered wearable electronics due to their unique capability of harvesting body heat.However,it remains challenging to develop thermoelectric materials with excellent stretchability,durable thermoelectric properties,wearable comfort,and multifunctional sensing properties simultaneously.Herein,an advanced preparation strategy combining electrospinning and spraying technology is proposed to prepare carbon nanotube(CNT)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)/polyurethane(PU)composite thermoelectric fabrics that have high air permeability and stretchability(~250%)close to those of pure PU nanofiber fabrics.Furthermore,PVP can not only improve the dispersion of CNTs but also act as interfacial binders between the CNT and the elastic PU skeleton.Consequently,both the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient remain unchanged even after bending 1000 times.In addition,self-powered sensors for the mutual conversion of finger temperature and language and detection of the movement of joints to optimize an athlete's movement state were successfully fabricated.This study paves the way for stretchable thermoelectric fabrics with fascinating applications in smart wearable fields such as power generation,health monitoring,and human–computer interaction.展开更多
Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors ...Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors with high sensitivity,rapid response time,and good stability are of paramount importance in humidity sensing.In this paper,diversiform humidity sensors with different sensing mechanisms are summarized,including resistive,impedance,capacitive,quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),surface acoustic wave(SAW),field-effect transistor(FET),and optical fiber humidity sensors.Versatile nanomaterials such as graphene,transition-metal chalcogenide,MXenes,black phosphorus(BP),boron nitride(BN),polymers,and nanofibers were promising building-blocks for constructing humidity sensors.The latest progress in the wearable and flexible humidity sensors,and self-powered humidity sensors was summarized.The diversiform applications of the humidity sensors with great prospects were demonstrated in various fields in terms of human respiratory monitoring,skin dryness diagnosing,fingertip approaching,and non-contact switch.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials-based humidity sensors were discussed.展开更多
Organic thermoelectric(OTE)materials have been considered to be promising candidates for large area and low‐cost wearable devices owing to their tailorable molecular structure,intrinsic flexibility,and prominent solu...Organic thermoelectric(OTE)materials have been considered to be promising candidates for large area and low‐cost wearable devices owing to their tailorable molecular structure,intrinsic flexibility,and prominent solution processability.More importantly,OTE materials offer direct energy conversion from the human body,solid‐state cooling at low electric consumption,and diversified functions.Herein,we summarize recent developments of OTE materials and devices for smart applications.We first review the fundamentals of OTE materials from the viewpoint of thermoelectric performance,mechanical properties and bionic functions.Second,we describe OTE devices in flexible generators,photothermoelectric detectors,self‐powered sensors,and ultra‐thin cooling elements.Finally,we present the challenges and perspectives on OTE materials as well as devices in wearable electronics and fascinating applications in the Internet of Things.展开更多
The next generation of electronics technology is purely going to be based on wearable sensing systems. Wearable electronic sensors that can operate in a continuous and sustainable manner without the need of an externa...The next generation of electronics technology is purely going to be based on wearable sensing systems. Wearable electronic sensors that can operate in a continuous and sustainable manner without the need of an external power sources, are essential for portable and mobile electronic applications. In this review article, the recent progress and advantages of wearable self-powered smart chemical sensors systems for wearable electronics are presented. An overview of various modes of energy conversion and storage technologies for self-powered devices is provided. Self-powered chemical sensors (SPCS) systems with integrated energy units are then discussed, separated as solar cell-based SPCS, triboelectric nano-generators based SPCS, piezoelectric nano-generators based SPCS, energy storage device based SPCS, and thermal energy-based SPCS. Finally, the outlook on future prospects of wearable chemical sensors in self-powered sensing systems is addressed.展开更多
Wearable and flexible electronics are shaping our life with their unique advantages of light weight,good compliance,and desirable comfortability.With marching into the era of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous sensor no...Wearable and flexible electronics are shaping our life with their unique advantages of light weight,good compliance,and desirable comfortability.With marching into the era of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous sensor nodes are distributed throughout networks to capture,process,and transmit diverse sensory information,which gives rise to the demand on self-powered sensors to reduce the power consumption.Meanwhile,the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)and fifth-generation(5G)technologies provides an opportunity to enable smart-decision making and instantaneous data transmission in IoT systems.Due to continuously increased sensor and dataset number,conventional computing based on von Neumann architecture cannot meet the needs of brain-like high-efficient sensing and computing applications anymore.Neuromorphic electronics,drawing inspiration from the human brain,provide an alternative approach for efficient and low-power-consumption information processing.Hence,this review presents the general technology roadmap of self-powered sensors with detail discussion on their diversified applications in healthcare,human machine interactions,smart homes,etc.Via leveraging AI and virtual reality/augmented reality(VR/AR)techniques,the development of single sensors to intelligent integrated systems is reviewed in terms of step-by-step system integration and algorithm improvement.In order to realize efficient sensing and computing,brain-inspired neuromorphic electronics are next briefly discussed.Last,it concludes and highlights both challenges and opportunities from the aspects of materials,minimization,integration,multimodal information fusion,and artificial sensory system.展开更多
The utilization of textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(t-TENGs)offers great potential for providing sustainable and wearable power.Nevertheless,the current designs of t-TENGs present limitations in terms of low...The utilization of textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(t-TENGs)offers great potential for providing sustainable and wearable power.Nevertheless,the current designs of t-TENGs present limitations in terms of low electrical outputs and less developed,straightforward batch processing techniques.Herein,a facile bottom-up foaming-combined coaxial extrusion method is developed for the massive fabrication of liquid metal/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)core–shell porous fibrous TENG,which can be directly woven to form t-TENGs.Ink designs are studied for high-fidelity fibrous TENG manufacturing and porosity-controlled micropore formation.Furthermore,porous fibrous TENGs are applied to integrate different woven structures,and the electrical and mechanical performances of the t-TENGs are optimized.Compared with plain surface fibrous TENG,the porous fibrous TENG achieves a~fivefold improvement in the open-circuit voltage(VOC)and a~sevenfold improvement in the short-circuit current(ISC).These outcomes indicate that we can prepare a range of polymers for t-TENGs with enhanced output performance even though they do not demonstrate great triboelectrification.This work also demonstrates successful integration for sustainably powering miniature electronics.These results can contribute to human motion energy harvesting for wearable self-powered sensors.展开更多
The dream of human beings for long living has stimulated the rapid development of biomedical and healthcare equipment.However,conventional biomedical and healthcare devices have shortcomings such as short service life...The dream of human beings for long living has stimulated the rapid development of biomedical and healthcare equipment.However,conventional biomedical and healthcare devices have shortcomings such as short service life,large equipment size,and high potential safety hazards.Indeed,the power supply for conventional implantable device remains predominantly batteries.The emerging nanogenerators,which harvest micro/nanomechanical energy and thermal energy from human beings and convert into electrical energy,provide an ideal solution for self-powering of biomedical devices.The combination of nanogenerators and biomedicine has been accelerating the development of self-powered biomedical equipment.This article first introduces the operating principle of nanogenerators and then reviews the progress of nanogenerators in biomedical applications,including power supply,smart sensing,and effective treatment.Besides,the microbial disinfection and biodegradation performances of nanogenerators have been updated.Next,the protection devices have been discussed such as face mask with air filtering function together with real-time monitoring of human health from the respiration and heat emission.Besides,the nanogenerator devices have been categorized by the types of mechanical energy from human beings,such as the body movement,tissue and organ activities,energy from chemical reactions,and gravitational potential energy.Eventually,the challenges and future opportunities in the applications of nanogenerators are delivered in the conclusive remarks.展开更多
Smart sensors are becoming one of the necessities for connecting and detecting surrounding stimuli with tremendous convenience, especially when exploiting a single powerful sensor with multifunctionality. To successfu...Smart sensors are becoming one of the necessities for connecting and detecting surrounding stimuli with tremendous convenience, especially when exploiting a single powerful sensor with multifunctionality. To successfully accomplish the design of a self-powered sensor, serving power is becoming a critical issue because of its continuously consumed energy required by electronics. A variety of nanogenerators aiming for the rational design of self-powered system are reviewed and compared, followed by their recent advances with polymer nanocomposites for self-powered sensors. More importantly, the proposed conceptual design of a self-powered unit/device with triboelectric nanogenerator has been emphasized to eventually realize the practical activities towards multiple detections and human–machine interaction. Finally, challenges and new prospects of rational design of self-powered polymer composite sensors in achieving human–machine interaction/interface are discussed.展开更多
基金financially supported by BRICS STI Framework Programme 3rd call 2019the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0123700)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51973076 and 52073031)State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies(Grant No.FZ2021005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.2020kfyXJJS035,WUT2018IVB006,and Z191100001119047)。
文摘Electronic fibers used to fabricate wearable triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) for harvesting human mechanical energy have been extensively explored. However, little attention is paid to their mutual advantages of environmental friendliness, mechanical properties, and stability. Here, we report a super-strong, biodegradable, and washable cellulose-based conductive macrofibers, which is prepared by wet-stretching and wet-twisting bacterial cellulose hydrogel incorporated with carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole. The cellulose-based conductive macrofibers possess high tensile strength of 449 MPa(able to lift 2 kg weights), good electrical conductivity(~ 5.32 S cm^(-1)), and excellent stability(Tensile strength and conductivity only decrease by 6.7% and 8.1% after immersing in water for 1 day). The degradation experiment demonstrates macrofibers can be degraded within 108 h in the cellulase solution. The designed fabric-based TENG from the cellulose-base conductive macrofibers shows a maximum open-circuit voltage of 170 V, short-circuit current of 0.8 μA, and output power at 352 μW, which is capable of powering the commercial electronics by charging the capacitors. More importantly, the fabric-based TENGs can be attached to the human body and work as self-powered sensors to effectively monitor human motions. This study suggests the potential of biodegradable, super-strong, and washable conductive cellulose-based fiber for designing eco-friendly fabric-based TENG for energy harvesting and biomechanical monitoring.
文摘Since the invention of the triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） in 2012, it has become one of the most vital innovations in energy harvesting technologies. The TENG has seen enormous progress to date, particularly in applications for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. It starts with the simple working principles of the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction, but can scavenge almost any kind of ambient mechanical energy in our daily life into electricity. Extraordinary output performance optimization of the TENG has been achieved, with high area power density and energy conversion efficiency. Moreover, TENGs can also be utilized as self-powered active sensors to monitor many environmental parameters. This review describes the recent progress in mainstream energy harvesting and self-powered sensing research based on TENG technology. The birth and development of the TENG are introduced, following which structural designs and performance optimizations for output performance enhancement of the TENG are discussed. The major applications of the TENG as a sustainable power source or a self-powered sensor are presented. The TENG, with rationally designed structures, can convert irregular and mostly low-frequency mechanical energies from the environment, such as human motion, mechanical vibration, moving automobiles, wind, raindrops, and ocean waves. In addition, the development of self-powered active sensors for a variety of environmental simulations based on the TENG is presented. The TENG plays a great role in promoting the development of emerging Internet of Things, which can make everyday objects connect more smartly and energy- efficiently in the coming years. Finally, the future directions and perspectives of the TENG are outlined. The TENG is not only a sustainable micro-power source for small devices, but also serves as a potential macro-scale generator of power from water waves in the future.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:2232020A-08National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51973027,52003044。
文摘Stretchable thermoelectrics have recently attracted widespread attention in the field of self-powered wearable electronics due to their unique capability of harvesting body heat.However,it remains challenging to develop thermoelectric materials with excellent stretchability,durable thermoelectric properties,wearable comfort,and multifunctional sensing properties simultaneously.Herein,an advanced preparation strategy combining electrospinning and spraying technology is proposed to prepare carbon nanotube(CNT)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)/polyurethane(PU)composite thermoelectric fabrics that have high air permeability and stretchability(~250%)close to those of pure PU nanofiber fabrics.Furthermore,PVP can not only improve the dispersion of CNTs but also act as interfacial binders between the CNT and the elastic PU skeleton.Consequently,both the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient remain unchanged even after bending 1000 times.In addition,self-powered sensors for the mutual conversion of finger temperature and language and detection of the movement of joints to optimize an athlete's movement state were successfully fabricated.This study paves the way for stretchable thermoelectric fabrics with fascinating applications in smart wearable fields such as power generation,health monitoring,and human–computer interaction.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777215)the Original Innovation Special Project of Science and Technology Plan of Qingdao West Coast New Area(No.2020-85).
文摘Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors with high sensitivity,rapid response time,and good stability are of paramount importance in humidity sensing.In this paper,diversiform humidity sensors with different sensing mechanisms are summarized,including resistive,impedance,capacitive,quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),surface acoustic wave(SAW),field-effect transistor(FET),and optical fiber humidity sensors.Versatile nanomaterials such as graphene,transition-metal chalcogenide,MXenes,black phosphorus(BP),boron nitride(BN),polymers,and nanofibers were promising building-blocks for constructing humidity sensors.The latest progress in the wearable and flexible humidity sensors,and self-powered humidity sensors was summarized.The diversiform applications of the humidity sensors with great prospects were demonstrated in various fields in terms of human respiratory monitoring,skin dryness diagnosing,fingertip approaching,and non-contact switch.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials-based humidity sensors were discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0204700 and 2018YFE0200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21805285,22021002,21905276,61971396)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(4202077)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS201912)UCAS(Y954011XX2)and CAS(ZDBS‐LY‐SLH034).
文摘Organic thermoelectric(OTE)materials have been considered to be promising candidates for large area and low‐cost wearable devices owing to their tailorable molecular structure,intrinsic flexibility,and prominent solution processability.More importantly,OTE materials offer direct energy conversion from the human body,solid‐state cooling at low electric consumption,and diversified functions.Herein,we summarize recent developments of OTE materials and devices for smart applications.We first review the fundamentals of OTE materials from the viewpoint of thermoelectric performance,mechanical properties and bionic functions.Second,we describe OTE devices in flexible generators,photothermoelectric detectors,self‐powered sensors,and ultra‐thin cooling elements.Finally,we present the challenges and perspectives on OTE materials as well as devices in wearable electronics and fascinating applications in the Internet of Things.
基金This work has been supported by the Ministry of Human Resource Development(MHRD),India,through a Centre of Excellence grant(CENEMA,RP-074)also by the Department of Science and Technology(DST),India via grant no.DST-MES(RP-155)+2 种基金Part of this work has been carried out with financial support from the National Aluminum Company Limited(NALCO)via grant no.RP-199.C.S.R.acknowledges Department of Science and Technology(DST)-SERB Early Career Research project(No.ECR/2017/001850)DST-Nanomission(DST/NM/NT/2019/205(G))‘Karnataka Science and Technology Promotion Society(KSTePS/VGST-RGS-F/2018-19/GRD No.829/315)S.S.acknowledges the DST-SERB for a National Post-Doctoral Fellowship(No.PDF/2020/000620).
文摘The next generation of electronics technology is purely going to be based on wearable sensing systems. Wearable electronic sensors that can operate in a continuous and sustainable manner without the need of an external power sources, are essential for portable and mobile electronic applications. In this review article, the recent progress and advantages of wearable self-powered smart chemical sensors systems for wearable electronics are presented. An overview of various modes of energy conversion and storage technologies for self-powered devices is provided. Self-powered chemical sensors (SPCS) systems with integrated energy units are then discussed, separated as solar cell-based SPCS, triboelectric nano-generators based SPCS, piezoelectric nano-generators based SPCS, energy storage device based SPCS, and thermal energy-based SPCS. Finally, the outlook on future prospects of wearable chemical sensors in self-powered sensing systems is addressed.
基金supported by the Reimagine Research Scheme(RRSC)grant(“Scalable AI Phenome Platform towards Fast-Forward Plant Breeding(Sensor)”,Nos.A-0009037-02-00 and A-0009037-03-00)at NUS,Singaporethe Reimagine Research Scheme(RRSC)grant(“Under-utilised Potential of Micro-biomes(soil)in Sustainable Urban Agriculture”,No.A-0009454-01-00)at NUS,Singaporethe RIE advanced manufacturing and engineering(AME)programmatic grant(“Nanosystems at the Edge”,No.A18A4b0055)at NUS,Singapore.
文摘Wearable and flexible electronics are shaping our life with their unique advantages of light weight,good compliance,and desirable comfortability.With marching into the era of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous sensor nodes are distributed throughout networks to capture,process,and transmit diverse sensory information,which gives rise to the demand on self-powered sensors to reduce the power consumption.Meanwhile,the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)and fifth-generation(5G)technologies provides an opportunity to enable smart-decision making and instantaneous data transmission in IoT systems.Due to continuously increased sensor and dataset number,conventional computing based on von Neumann architecture cannot meet the needs of brain-like high-efficient sensing and computing applications anymore.Neuromorphic electronics,drawing inspiration from the human brain,provide an alternative approach for efficient and low-power-consumption information processing.Hence,this review presents the general technology roadmap of self-powered sensors with detail discussion on their diversified applications in healthcare,human machine interactions,smart homes,etc.Via leveraging AI and virtual reality/augmented reality(VR/AR)techniques,the development of single sensors to intelligent integrated systems is reviewed in terms of step-by-step system integration and algorithm improvement.In order to realize efficient sensing and computing,brain-inspired neuromorphic electronics are next briefly discussed.Last,it concludes and highlights both challenges and opportunities from the aspects of materials,minimization,integration,multimodal information fusion,and artificial sensory system.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51875253)Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(BE2022069-2)the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_2434,KYCX20_1830).
文摘The utilization of textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators(t-TENGs)offers great potential for providing sustainable and wearable power.Nevertheless,the current designs of t-TENGs present limitations in terms of low electrical outputs and less developed,straightforward batch processing techniques.Herein,a facile bottom-up foaming-combined coaxial extrusion method is developed for the massive fabrication of liquid metal/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)core–shell porous fibrous TENG,which can be directly woven to form t-TENGs.Ink designs are studied for high-fidelity fibrous TENG manufacturing and porosity-controlled micropore formation.Furthermore,porous fibrous TENGs are applied to integrate different woven structures,and the electrical and mechanical performances of the t-TENGs are optimized.Compared with plain surface fibrous TENG,the porous fibrous TENG achieves a~fivefold improvement in the open-circuit voltage(VOC)and a~sevenfold improvement in the short-circuit current(ISC).These outcomes indicate that we can prepare a range of polymers for t-TENGs with enhanced output performance even though they do not demonstrate great triboelectrification.This work also demonstrates successful integration for sustainably powering miniature electronics.These results can contribute to human motion energy harvesting for wearable self-powered sensors.
基金Chinesisch-Deutsche Zentrum für Wissenschaftsförderung,Grant/Award Number:GZ 1400European Regional Development Fund,Grant/Award Number:CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000853+10 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2019A1515110706National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2017YFB0405400National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21975287,51802113,51802116,52022037,52071225Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Numbers:ZR2018BEM015,ZR2018ZC1458,ZR2019BEM040Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ts201712020Taishan Scholars Project Special Funds,Grant/Award Number:tsqn201812083Technological Leading Scholar of 10000 Talent Project,Grant/Award Number:W03020508Development Plan of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019GGX104019Project of“20 items of University”of Jinan,Grant/Award Number:2018GXRC031Scientific Research Development Plan of Shandong Higher Education Institutions,Grant/Award Number:J18KA316China University of Petroleum(East China)。
文摘The dream of human beings for long living has stimulated the rapid development of biomedical and healthcare equipment.However,conventional biomedical and healthcare devices have shortcomings such as short service life,large equipment size,and high potential safety hazards.Indeed,the power supply for conventional implantable device remains predominantly batteries.The emerging nanogenerators,which harvest micro/nanomechanical energy and thermal energy from human beings and convert into electrical energy,provide an ideal solution for self-powering of biomedical devices.The combination of nanogenerators and biomedicine has been accelerating the development of self-powered biomedical equipment.This article first introduces the operating principle of nanogenerators and then reviews the progress of nanogenerators in biomedical applications,including power supply,smart sensing,and effective treatment.Besides,the microbial disinfection and biodegradation performances of nanogenerators have been updated.Next,the protection devices have been discussed such as face mask with air filtering function together with real-time monitoring of human health from the respiration and heat emission.Besides,the nanogenerator devices have been categorized by the types of mechanical energy from human beings,such as the body movement,tissue and organ activities,energy from chemical reactions,and gravitational potential energy.Eventually,the challenges and future opportunities in the applications of nanogenerators are delivered in the conclusive remarks.
基金supported by the Start-Up Funds for Outstanding Talents in Central South University,China(Nos.202045007 and 202044017)the Open Sharing Fund for the Large-scale Instruments and Equipments of Central South University,China。
文摘Smart sensors are becoming one of the necessities for connecting and detecting surrounding stimuli with tremendous convenience, especially when exploiting a single powerful sensor with multifunctionality. To successfully accomplish the design of a self-powered sensor, serving power is becoming a critical issue because of its continuously consumed energy required by electronics. A variety of nanogenerators aiming for the rational design of self-powered system are reviewed and compared, followed by their recent advances with polymer nanocomposites for self-powered sensors. More importantly, the proposed conceptual design of a self-powered unit/device with triboelectric nanogenerator has been emphasized to eventually realize the practical activities towards multiple detections and human–machine interaction. Finally, challenges and new prospects of rational design of self-powered polymer composite sensors in achieving human–machine interaction/interface are discussed.
