In order to carry out comprehensive decision-making of multi-class shared parking measures within a region, a bilevel model assisting decision-making is proposed. The upper level selects parkers＇ average satisfaction...In order to carry out comprehensive decision-making of multi-class shared parking measures within a region, a bilevel model assisting decision-making is proposed. The upper level selects parkers＇ average satisfaction and the violation rate during peak hours as indices in object function, and sets probability distribution models describing dynamic parking demand of each site, the feasibility of shared parking scenarios and occupancy requirements during peak hours of each parking lot as restrictions. The simulation model in the lower level sets up rules to assign each parker in the random parking demand series to the proper parking lot. An iterative method is proposed to confirm the state of each parking lot at the start of formal simulations. Besides, two patterns linking initialization and formal simulation are presented to acquire multiple solutions. The results of the numerical examples indicate the effectiveness of the model and solution methods.展开更多
Monitoring subtle changes in ionic current flow through a nanopore could be applied to observe single molecule reaction. Here,we introduced cysteine to substitute for lysine at position 238 constructing a mutant aerol...Monitoring subtle changes in ionic current flow through a nanopore could be applied to observe single molecule reaction. Here,we introduced cysteine to substitute for lysine at position 238 constructing a mutant aerolysin K238 C. It could be regarded as a nanoreactor to efficiently visualize chemical bonds making and breaking. The compound 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)(DTNB) was selected as a reactant coming into collisions on the interface of the pore to occur a reversible reaction. Our results showed that the mutant aerolysin could respond to three molecules of DTNB simultaneously and reflect corresponding levels with distinguishable current signals. Therefore, this method constitutes a simple, generic tool for monitoring single molecule reaction, which evokes a guidance for the mutant aerolysin towards the application of tracking other more reactions at single molecule level.展开更多
To enhance the effectiveness of watershed load reduction decision making, the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming （REILP） approach was developed in previous studies to address decision risks and system returns...To enhance the effectiveness of watershed load reduction decision making, the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming （REILP） approach was developed in previous studies to address decision risks and system returns. However, REILP lacks the capability to analyze the tradeoff between risks in the objective function and constraints. Therefore, a refined REILP model is proposed in this study to further enhance the decision support capability of the REILP approach for optimal watershed load reduction. By introducing a tradeofffactor （α） into the total risk function, the refined REILP can lead to different compromises between risks associated with the objective functions and the constraints. The proposed model was illustrated using a case study that deals with uncertainty- based optimal load reduction decision making for Lake Qionghai Watershed, China. A risk tradeoff curve with different values of a was presented to decision makers as a more flexible platform to support decision formulation. The results of the standard and refined REILP model were compared under 11 aspiration levels. The results demon- strate that, by applying the refined REILP, it is possible to obtain solutions that preserve the same constraint risk as that in the standard REILP but with lower objective risk, which can provide more effective guidance for decision makers.展开更多
基金The Planning Program of Science and Technology of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (No. 2010-K5-16)
文摘In order to carry out comprehensive decision-making of multi-class shared parking measures within a region, a bilevel model assisting decision-making is proposed. The upper level selects parkers＇ average satisfaction and the violation rate during peak hours as indices in object function, and sets probability distribution models describing dynamic parking demand of each site, the feasibility of shared parking scenarios and occupancy requirements during peak hours of each parking lot as restrictions. The simulation model in the lower level sets up rules to assign each parker in the random parking demand series to the proper parking lot. An iterative method is proposed to confirm the state of each parking lot at the start of formal simulations. Besides, two patterns linking initialization and formal simulation are presented to acquire multiple solutions. The results of the numerical examples indicate the effectiveness of the model and solution methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21421004, 21777041, 21327807)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (B16017)+1 种基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (2017-0107-00-02-E00023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (222201718001, 222201717003)
文摘Monitoring subtle changes in ionic current flow through a nanopore could be applied to observe single molecule reaction. Here,we introduced cysteine to substitute for lysine at position 238 constructing a mutant aerolysin K238 C. It could be regarded as a nanoreactor to efficiently visualize chemical bonds making and breaking. The compound 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)(DTNB) was selected as a reactant coming into collisions on the interface of the pore to occur a reversible reaction. Our results showed that the mutant aerolysin could respond to three molecules of DTNB simultaneously and reflect corresponding levels with distinguishable current signals. Therefore, this method constitutes a simple, generic tool for monitoring single molecule reaction, which evokes a guidance for the mutant aerolysin towards the application of tracking other more reactions at single molecule level.
基金This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41222002）, Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China （20100001120020） and ＂China National Water Pollution Control Program＂ （2013ZX07102-006）. Special thanks to Dr. Daniel Obenour in University of Michigan.
文摘To enhance the effectiveness of watershed load reduction decision making, the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming （REILP） approach was developed in previous studies to address decision risks and system returns. However, REILP lacks the capability to analyze the tradeoff between risks in the objective function and constraints. Therefore, a refined REILP model is proposed in this study to further enhance the decision support capability of the REILP approach for optimal watershed load reduction. By introducing a tradeofffactor （α） into the total risk function, the refined REILP can lead to different compromises between risks associated with the objective functions and the constraints. The proposed model was illustrated using a case study that deals with uncertainty- based optimal load reduction decision making for Lake Qionghai Watershed, China. A risk tradeoff curve with different values of a was presented to decision makers as a more flexible platform to support decision formulation. The results of the standard and refined REILP model were compared under 11 aspiration levels. The results demon- strate that, by applying the refined REILP, it is possible to obtain solutions that preserve the same constraint risk as that in the standard REILP but with lower objective risk, which can provide more effective guidance for decision makers.
