One of the biggest factors to deteriorate the satellite product quality is cloud coverage. Therefore, cloud masking process is important to improve the quality of various satellite products. However, satellite-based c...One of the biggest factors to deteriorate the satellite product quality is cloud coverage. Therefore, cloud masking process is important to improve the quality of various satellite products. However, satellite-based cloud discrimination algorithm has been developing and efficient ground-based cloud observations are necessary to validate satellite-based cloud discrimination. The purpose of this study is to develop the efficient ground-based cloud observation methodology using whole sky camera. This paper deals with methods how to discriminate cloud portions on whole sky image, how to apply the ground-based cloud observation to the validations for satellite products. For the cloud discrimination on whole sky image, we propose SI （sky index） and BI （brightness index） calculated from RGB （red, green and blue） channels. SI shows the extent of the blueness and gray scale and BI indicates the extent of the brightness. Sun, cloud and blue sky portions are divided by SI and BI threshold. As an application of ground-based cloud observation for the validation of satellite products, clouds portions discriminated from whole sky image are projected onto ground surface with map coordinate. We also examine to compare with cloud portions on whole sky images and MODIS （MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） image as one of experiments. The proposed ground-based cloud observation method and its extension to satellite-based cloud discrimination should be connected to improve the quality of satellite products.展开更多
受到地物二向性反射的影响,航空遥感数据中存在亮度梯度现象,但目前仍然缺乏针对亮度梯度效应专门开展的实验研究。以美国加利福尼亚州中部的果园为研究区,基于沿太阳主平面方向(along solar plane,ASP)、垂直太阳主平面方向(perpendicu...受到地物二向性反射的影响,航空遥感数据中存在亮度梯度现象,但目前仍然缺乏针对亮度梯度效应专门开展的实验研究。以美国加利福尼亚州中部的果园为研究区,基于沿太阳主平面方向(along solar plane,ASP)、垂直太阳主平面方向(perpendicularly to solar plane,PSP)和南北方向飞行并扫描成像获取的三景MASTER遥感影像,利用剖面分析研究了不同波段、植被指数的亮度梯度效应,并提出了一种多项式拟合校正方法。结果表明:受到热点现象的影响,PSP图像具有最明显的亮度梯度效应,而ASP图像的亮度梯度效应可以忽略不计;植被指数可以削弱亮度梯度效应的影响,但是在热点方向仍然会存在低估的情况。PSP与ASP的比值图像可以较好地消除地物本身以及背景的影响,利用该比值建立的分段多项式模型可以有效地校正由照射角度和观测角度带来的亮度梯度效应。展开更多
World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. ...World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM\++ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over 11-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen's urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu Island. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and usin展开更多
文摘One of the biggest factors to deteriorate the satellite product quality is cloud coverage. Therefore, cloud masking process is important to improve the quality of various satellite products. However, satellite-based cloud discrimination algorithm has been developing and efficient ground-based cloud observations are necessary to validate satellite-based cloud discrimination. The purpose of this study is to develop the efficient ground-based cloud observation methodology using whole sky camera. This paper deals with methods how to discriminate cloud portions on whole sky image, how to apply the ground-based cloud observation to the validations for satellite products. For the cloud discrimination on whole sky image, we propose SI （sky index） and BI （brightness index） calculated from RGB （red, green and blue） channels. SI shows the extent of the blueness and gray scale and BI indicates the extent of the brightness. Sun, cloud and blue sky portions are divided by SI and BI threshold. As an application of ground-based cloud observation for the validation of satellite products, clouds portions discriminated from whole sky image are projected onto ground surface with map coordinate. We also examine to compare with cloud portions on whole sky images and MODIS （MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） image as one of experiments. The proposed ground-based cloud observation method and its extension to satellite-based cloud discrimination should be connected to improve the quality of satellite products.
文摘受到地物二向性反射的影响,航空遥感数据中存在亮度梯度现象,但目前仍然缺乏针对亮度梯度效应专门开展的实验研究。以美国加利福尼亚州中部的果园为研究区,基于沿太阳主平面方向(along solar plane,ASP)、垂直太阳主平面方向(perpendicularly to solar plane,PSP)和南北方向飞行并扫描成像获取的三景MASTER遥感影像,利用剖面分析研究了不同波段、植被指数的亮度梯度效应,并提出了一种多项式拟合校正方法。结果表明:受到热点现象的影响,PSP图像具有最明显的亮度梯度效应,而ASP图像的亮度梯度效应可以忽略不计;植被指数可以削弱亮度梯度效应的影响,但是在热点方向仍然会存在低估的情况。PSP与ASP的比值图像可以较好地消除地物本身以及背景的影响,利用该比值建立的分段多项式模型可以有效地校正由照射角度和观测角度带来的亮度梯度效应。
文摘World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM\++ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over 11-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen's urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu Island. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and usin
