Objective To anatomically reconstruct the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve by skull base surgery. Methods Seventeen cranial nerves (three oculomotor nerves, eight trochlear nerves and six abducent...Objective To anatomically reconstruct the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve by skull base surgery. Methods Seventeen cranial nerves (three oculomotor nerves, eight trochlear nerves and six abducent nerves) were injured and anatomically reconstructed in thirteen skull base operations during a period from 1994 to 2000. Repair techniques included end-to-end neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion, graft neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion. The relationships between repair techniques and functional recovery and the related factors were analyzed.Results Functional recovery began from 3 to 8 months after surgery. During a follow-up period of 4 months to 6 years, complete recovery of function was observed in 6 trochlear nerves (75%) and 4 abducent nerves (67%), while partial functional recovery was observed in the other cranial nerves including 2 trochlear nerves, 2 abducent nerves, and 3 oculomotor nerves.Conclusions Complete or partial functional recovery could be expected after anatomical neurotization of an injured oculomotor, trochlear or abducent nerve. Our study demonstrated that, in terms of functional recovery, trochlear and abducent nerves are more responsive than oculomotor nerves, and that end-to-end reconstruction is more efficient than graft reconstruction. These results encourage us to perform reconstruction for a separated cranial nerve as often as possible during skull base surgery.展开更多
Objective and accurate assessment of the degree of ocular motor nerve palsy is helpful not only in the evaluation of prognosis, but also for the screening of treatment methods. However, there is currently no comprehen...Objective and accurate assessment of the degree of ocular motor nerve palsy is helpful not only in the evaluation of prognosis, but also for the screening of treatment methods. However, there is currently no comprehensive measure of its severity. In this study, we designed the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale and investigated its validity and reliability. Six experts were invited to grade and evaluate the scale. The study recruited 106 patients with a definite diagnosis of unilateral isolated ocular motor nerve palsy. Three physicians evaluated the patients using the scale. One of the three physicians evaluated the patients again after 24 hours. The content validity index（CVI） and factor analysis were used to analyze the scale＇s construct validity. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach＇s alpha were used to evaluate the inter-rater and test-retest reliability and the internal consistency. The CVI results（I-CVI = 1.0, S-CVI = 0.9, Pc = 0.016, K＊ = 1） indicated good content validity. Factor analysis extracted two common factors that accounted for 85.2% of the variance. Furthermore, the load value of each component was above 0.8, indicating good construct validity. The Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale was found to be highly reliable, with an inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.965（P 0.01）, a test-retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.976（P 0.01）, and Cronbach＇s alpha values of 0.63–0.70. In conclusion, the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale with good validity and reliability can be used to quantify the severity of ocular motor nerve palsy. This study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry（registration number： Chi CTR-OOC-17010702）.展开更多
Objective To study the neural, arterial and venous relationship in the middle incisural space in the region of the tentorial incisura and to determine the important clinical anatomical landmarks of these important neu...Objective To study the neural, arterial and venous relationship in the middle incisural space in the region of the tentorial incisura and to determine the important clinical anatomical landmarks of these important neurovascular structures. Methods Twenty adult cadaveric heads were examined using ×6 to ×40 magnification after perfusing the arteries and veins with colored latex and the relationship of the neural structures, arteries, veins were observed. The distances between the important neursovascular structures and landmarks were measured. Results The important cranial nerves related to the middle incisural space of the tentorial incisura are the oculomotor, the trochlear and the trigeminal nerves. And the important arteries related to the middle incisural space are posterior cerebral arteries and superior cerebellar arteries. The entrance site of oculomotor nerve to the roof of the cavernous sinus located at (11.2±4.3) mm posterior to the anterior clinoid process, (4.4±1.4) mm lateroposterior posterior to the posterior clinoid process. The entrance site of trochlear nerver located at (23.3 ± 3.0) mm posterior to anterior clinoid process, (14.5±3.9) mm lateroposterior posterior to the posterior clinoid process. The entrance site of oculomotor nerve located at (6.3±1.6) mm posterior to the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery, while that of the trochlear nerve at ((17.9±3.5)) mm to the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery. The entrance site of trochlear nerve located at (11.5±3.0) mm posterior to the entrance site of oculomotor nerve. Conclusions Anterior, posterior clinoid process and the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery are the important landmarks for the entrance site of the oculomotor and trochlear nerve. The superior cerebellar artery, the posterior cerebral artery and its important branches including the medial posterior choroidal artery and the long circumflex branch are all closely related to the middle incisural space, and should not be injured during operat展开更多
A 66-year-old female presented with exotropia and hypertropia of her left eye. She had a previous history of lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection of her left eye 20 years prior to old oculomotor and tr...A 66-year-old female presented with exotropia and hypertropia of her left eye. She had a previous history of lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection of her left eye 20 years prior to old oculomotor and trochlear nerve pareses. She was treated with a botulinum toxin injection in the inferior oblique and lateral rectus muscles of her affected eye. In this case, the patient’s exotropia and hypertropia of her affected eye were greatly reduced after injections. Botulinum toxin chemodenervation can be considered as a subsidiary treatment option to the ultimate surgery not only for acute paralytic strabismus but also for chronic paralytic strabismus and further study may be necessary.展开更多
基金ThisstudywassupportedbyagrantfromtheChineseNationalNaturalScienceFoundation (No .3 0 0 0 0 170 )
文摘Objective To anatomically reconstruct the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve by skull base surgery. Methods Seventeen cranial nerves (three oculomotor nerves, eight trochlear nerves and six abducent nerves) were injured and anatomically reconstructed in thirteen skull base operations during a period from 1994 to 2000. Repair techniques included end-to-end neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion, graft neurosuture or fibrin glue adhesion. The relationships between repair techniques and functional recovery and the related factors were analyzed.Results Functional recovery began from 3 to 8 months after surgery. During a follow-up period of 4 months to 6 years, complete recovery of function was observed in 6 trochlear nerves (75%) and 4 abducent nerves (67%), while partial functional recovery was observed in the other cranial nerves including 2 trochlear nerves, 2 abducent nerves, and 3 oculomotor nerves.Conclusions Complete or partial functional recovery could be expected after anatomical neurotization of an injured oculomotor, trochlear or abducent nerve. Our study demonstrated that, in terms of functional recovery, trochlear and abducent nerves are more responsive than oculomotor nerves, and that end-to-end reconstruction is more efficient than graft reconstruction. These results encourage us to perform reconstruction for a separated cranial nerve as often as possible during skull base surgery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81674052
文摘Objective and accurate assessment of the degree of ocular motor nerve palsy is helpful not only in the evaluation of prognosis, but also for the screening of treatment methods. However, there is currently no comprehensive measure of its severity. In this study, we designed the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale and investigated its validity and reliability. Six experts were invited to grade and evaluate the scale. The study recruited 106 patients with a definite diagnosis of unilateral isolated ocular motor nerve palsy. Three physicians evaluated the patients using the scale. One of the three physicians evaluated the patients again after 24 hours. The content validity index（CVI） and factor analysis were used to analyze the scale＇s construct validity. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach＇s alpha were used to evaluate the inter-rater and test-retest reliability and the internal consistency. The CVI results（I-CVI = 1.0, S-CVI = 0.9, Pc = 0.016, K＊ = 1） indicated good content validity. Factor analysis extracted two common factors that accounted for 85.2% of the variance. Furthermore, the load value of each component was above 0.8, indicating good construct validity. The Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale was found to be highly reliable, with an inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.965（P 0.01）, a test-retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.976（P 0.01）, and Cronbach＇s alpha values of 0.63–0.70. In conclusion, the Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy Scale with good validity and reliability can be used to quantify the severity of ocular motor nerve palsy. This study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry（registration number： Chi CTR-OOC-17010702）.
文摘Objective To study the neural, arterial and venous relationship in the middle incisural space in the region of the tentorial incisura and to determine the important clinical anatomical landmarks of these important neurovascular structures. Methods Twenty adult cadaveric heads were examined using ×6 to ×40 magnification after perfusing the arteries and veins with colored latex and the relationship of the neural structures, arteries, veins were observed. The distances between the important neursovascular structures and landmarks were measured. Results The important cranial nerves related to the middle incisural space of the tentorial incisura are the oculomotor, the trochlear and the trigeminal nerves. And the important arteries related to the middle incisural space are posterior cerebral arteries and superior cerebellar arteries. The entrance site of oculomotor nerve to the roof of the cavernous sinus located at (11.2±4.3) mm posterior to the anterior clinoid process, (4.4±1.4) mm lateroposterior posterior to the posterior clinoid process. The entrance site of trochlear nerver located at (23.3 ± 3.0) mm posterior to anterior clinoid process, (14.5±3.9) mm lateroposterior posterior to the posterior clinoid process. The entrance site of oculomotor nerve located at (6.3±1.6) mm posterior to the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery, while that of the trochlear nerve at ((17.9±3.5)) mm to the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery. The entrance site of trochlear nerve located at (11.5±3.0) mm posterior to the entrance site of oculomotor nerve. Conclusions Anterior, posterior clinoid process and the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery are the important landmarks for the entrance site of the oculomotor and trochlear nerve. The superior cerebellar artery, the posterior cerebral artery and its important branches including the medial posterior choroidal artery and the long circumflex branch are all closely related to the middle incisural space, and should not be injured during operat
文摘A 66-year-old female presented with exotropia and hypertropia of her left eye. She had a previous history of lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection of her left eye 20 years prior to old oculomotor and trochlear nerve pareses. She was treated with a botulinum toxin injection in the inferior oblique and lateral rectus muscles of her affected eye. In this case, the patient’s exotropia and hypertropia of her affected eye were greatly reduced after injections. Botulinum toxin chemodenervation can be considered as a subsidiary treatment option to the ultimate surgery not only for acute paralytic strabismus but also for chronic paralytic strabismus and further study may be necessary.
