摘要
在日本,促进回收再利用的法律框架迅速得到了强化。在众多成文法中,2001年的家用电器再利用法案让销售商和制造商担负起收集和再利用家用电器废弃物的义务。在履行这些义务时,企业家们可能会从事一些限制性的活动,而这些活动是与禁止限制竞争的反垄断法相背离的。各国对于为了保护环境而限制竞争的态度是不同的。在美国,法院、司法部和FTC对于这些限制从来没有给予过特别考虑。德国联邦卡特尔办公室有时为了采取措施保护环境,允许对竞争进行限制。在EC/EU,欧洲委员会会把限制竞争的'失'和保护环境的'得'相比较,如果'得'大于'失'且这种限制对于所得必不可少,委员会会允许这些限制的存在。2001年日本公平交易委员会宣布了关于回收再利用合作的指导方针。这些指导方针更加宽松。比如,在这些指导方针下,即使限制性合作对于构建回收再利用体系并非必要,也可能被允许。这些指导方针需要得到进一步强化。随着与环境相关的市场的扩大和迅速发展,关于'环境与竞争'综合指导方针的建立也应该提上议事日程。
The legal framework for promotion of recycling has been rapidly reinforced in Japan.Among many statutes,the Home Appliances Recycling Act of 2001 imposes duties to collect and recycle wastes from home appliances on distributors and producers.In fulfilling these duties,the entrepreneurs might engage in restrictive practices contrary to Antimonopoly Act which prohibits restraints of competition.The attitudes of the authorities towards restraints of competition for environmental protection are different.In the United States,the courts,the Department of Justice and the FTC do not give any special considerations to such restraints.The Federal Cartel Office of Germany sometimes excises its discretion to permit restraints of competition for the virtue of environmental protection.In EC/EU,the European Committee compares the vice of restraint of competition with the virtue of environmental protection and permits the restraints when the latter exceeds the former and the restraint is indispensable for the virtue.In 2001,the Fair Trade Commission of Japan announced the Guidelines Concerning Cooperation for Recycling.These Guidelines are more tolerant.Under these Guidelines,for example,restrictive cooperation might be permitted when they are not indispensable for creation of the system of recycling.The Guidelines need to be reinforced.Since the markets relating to environment are expanding and growing rapidly,comprehensive guidelines concerning the whole matters of"Environment and Competition"should be established.
出处
《私法》
2003年第1期300-321,共22页
Private Law Review
关键词
环境
竞争
反垄断法
回收再利用
Environment
Competition
Antimonopoly Act
Recycling
