摘要
欧盟等发达国家经历典型的"就业两极化",已成为劳动力市场和经济发展的一个典型特征和重要挑战。中国的就业结构变化是否切实反映了经济转型与发展阶段?本文利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查、2010年第六次全国人口普查和全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用就业岗位分析方法(job approach)进行的研究发现:中国整体就业结构变动呈现正在"升级(upgrading)"模式,区域层面就业结构呈现多样化和有序递进,东部经济发达省份就业升级较快,中高或高收入岗位增长相对更多,符合中国发展阶段与产业升级的特征。但是,最近几年农民工就业结构变化的"两极化(polarization)"收入倾向已初露端倪,最低和中低收入岗位的就业增长率为负,尤其中低岗位大幅减少,中等收入岗位增幅较小,中高和最高收入岗位增长更多。未来就业两极化潜在风险也将成为中等收入发展阶段的一大挑战,需要更加积极主动的公共政策调整与改革。
Some developed countries in Europe are experiencing a classical ' job polarization',which has become an important challenge and character of labor market and economic development.Have China's employment structures truly reflected the process of economic transition and the phase of development? Based on China's population sampling survey and census in 2005 and2010 respectively,as well as dynamic survey on migrating population,this paper investigates changes in employment structures using the job approach.We find that China's employment structure features is an 'upgrading pattern',which means the number of the low-paid jobs falls sharply or increases mildly while that of higher-paid jobs increases in various degrees,especially the number of mid-low-paid and mid-paid jobs grows largely.We also find a sequential upgrading in employment changes in layer of different regions,which means developed eastern regions have led the upgrading process,with a relatively bigger increase in mid-high-paid and high-paid jobs than other regions,which accord with features of China's developing stage and industrial upgrading.Rural migrants appear job polarization tendency,with a relatively bigger increase in mid-high-paid and high-paid jobs than mid-low-paid jobs and mid-paid jobs.Therefore,potential risk of employment polarization will become a big challenge in China's mid-income stage,which needs more active reform and adjustment of public policy.
出处
《劳动经济研究》
2015年第1期119-144,共26页
Studies in Labor Economics
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(14BYJ034
13CYJ017)
国家卫生和计划生育委员会研究课题"经济转型背景下农民工就业结构变化研究"的资助
关键词
就业结构
就业升级
就业两极化
岗位分析法
employment structure
job upgrading
job polarization
job approach
