摘要
主观明知的认定一直是司法实践中的难题,我国通常以司法解释的形式对主观明知认定问题作出具体规定。然而,认定主观明知的司法解释往往设置兜底条款,当前司法机关对这种兜底条款的适用存在问题,这可能导致主观明知认定的扩大化。认定主观明知的司法解释规定乃推定规范,其中兜底条款乃事实推定规范,可以说,兜底条款的问题实质上就是事实推定的问题,正是因为事实推定的内在缺陷,才导致兜底条款适用的种种困境。基于此,需要构建主观明知认定中的事实推定规范化路径。一方面,事实推定在一定程度上冲击无罪推定原则而受到合法性质疑,另一方面,事实推定赋予法官过多自由裁量权而受到规范性质疑。为此,一方面需要回应合法性质疑,即探寻被告人权利保障新范式,另一方面需要回应规范性质疑,即完善事实推定规范性建设,具体包括:明确事实推定的启动条件、明确事实推定结论的确定性程度、确立事实推定的末位适用原则、强调基础事实的证明标准、构建规范的辩方反驳规则、构建有力的事实推定监管规则。
Knowledge determination has always been a hard nut to crack in judicial practice,for which judicial interpretation tends to act as concrete specification.Nevertheless,judicial interpretations that determine knowledge often include catch-all provisions.At present,there are problems with the application of such provisions by judicial authorities,which may lead to the expansion of knowledge determination.The judicial interpretation that determines knowledge is presumption,among which the catch-all provision is presumption of fact.It can be said that the problem with catch-all provisions is essentially a matter of presumption of fact.It is because of the inherent flawed of presumption of fact that various difficulties arise in the application of catch-all provisions.Hence,we should establish a standardized path for presumption of fact in knowledge determination.On the one hand,the presumption of fact negatively affects the principle of presumption of innocence to some extent and its legitimacy is questioned.On the other hand,presumption of fact renders excessive discretionary power to judges and hence its standardization is questioned.To solve these problems we should respond to the legitimacy questioning,that is,searching a new paradigm for the security of defendants′rights.Also,we should address the standardization questioning,that is,improving the standardized construction of presumption of fact,specifically including the following:clarifying the starting conditions for presumption of fact,clarifying the definitive degree of conclusion of presumption of fact,establishing the principle of end-place applicability for presumption of fact,emphasizing the proof standard for basic facts,constructing standardized rules for the accused to refute,and erecting powerful supervising rules for presumption of fact.
作者
马静华
袁嘉谦
MA Jinghua;YUAN Jiaqian
出处
《贵州民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
2024年第4期132-148,共17页
Journal of Guizhou Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Sciences
关键词
刑事推定
事实推定
法律推定
犯罪故意
主观明知
criminal presumption
presumption of fact
presumption of law
criminal intent
knowledge
