摘要
变文音乐和讲经文音乐是丝绸之路音乐的重要品种。变文是小品式说唱文,起源于对因缘故事的讲唱,中古时期配合画卷和连续构图式壁画,既讲唱佛经,也讲唱世俗故事;讲经文是连环式说唱文,以整本佛经为讲唱内容,中古时期配合向心式洞窟壁画等大型经变。二者来源于西域的呗、赞之二分,到晋代演为经师、唱导之二分,到唐代进而成为俗讲的两种主要方式:构成共生(而非互生)关系。其音乐以来自六朝的呗赞音乐为基础,所以使用了一套音曲符号:其中“平”“侧”“断”是三种呗赞曲调,联系于三种定弦方式或三种调式;“经”“偈”“诗”“韵”是四种吟诗曲调,分别接受了吟经之法、吟诗之法、琴曲揉弦之法的影响;“古吟上下”等则代表六朝的吟诵古调。变文音乐和讲经文音乐皆沿世俗化的方向发展,到唐代,积极采用了当时流行的曲子音乐。其音乐成分有区别:讲经文说唱的特点是增用新的呗赞曲调声法,变文说唱则在保留六朝吟诵调的基础上,按“乐官”方式“调置曲词”。变文的充分世俗化,使它在文本体制、说唱程序等方面直接影响了后世的民间说唱。
The musics of bianwen and jiangjingwen are important musical genres along the Silk Road.Bianwen,as a short narrative chant,originated from the recitation of the avadana story.In the medieval period,they were accompanied by scroll paintings and continuous composition-style murals,narrating both Buddhist scriptures and secular tales.Jiangjingwenis a continuous narrative chant,focusing on reciting entire Buddhist scriptures,often accompanied by large-scale mural transformations.Both bianwenand jiangjingwenare originated from the division of “bai” and “zan” in the Western Regions,evolving into the division of “jingshi” and “changdao” during the Jin dynasty,and then became the two main forms of secular recitation during the Tang dynasty.The music is based on the “bai zan” music from the Six Dynasties,utilizing a set of musical symbols:“ping,”“ce,”and “duan”represent three types of “bai zan”melodies,linking to three types of tuning or modes,and “jing,”“ji,”“shi,” and “yun” represent four poetic chant melodies,each influenced by methods of chanting sutras,poetry,and the plucking techniques of qin music;“gu yin shangxia,”represent ancient chants from the Six Dynasties.Both evolved towards secularization,actively incorporating popular melodies of the time during the Tang dynasty.However,their musical components still differ:Jiangjingwenlies in the increased use of new “bai zan” melodic techniques,while bianwen retains the chanting tones of the Six Dynasties.The thorough secularization of bianwen directly influenced folk storytelling in terms of textual systems and recitation procedures.
出处
《音乐文化研究》
2024年第3期7-17,M0002,共12页
Music Culture Studies
关键词
变文
讲经文
呗赞
曲子
音曲符号
Bianwen
jiangjingwen
baizan
quzi
musical sym bols
