摘要
本文认为现代汉语副词“也”在表达“类同”义之外,还具备“低概率”的语义特征。文章首先分析了“也”在实用用法、虚用用法和委婉用法中的大量实例,说明“也”的低概率特征贯穿于这些用法之中,指出说话人在用“也”表示事件与事件类同的同时,还表达了“相较于被类同事件,类同事件的发生概率更低”的观念。利用低概率特征,文章继续讨论了两个与“也”相关的重要问题。第一,“连”字句的允准条件问题。“连”字句内必须有一个具备低概率语义的允准词。副词“都_(2)”“也”和“还”具有低概率义,因此它们都能允准“连”字句。但副词“又”对概率特征不敏感,因此无法允准“连”字句。第二,“也”在疑问代词全称肯定表达和全称否定表达中的分布不对称问题。一方面,“也”的低概率特征造成了集合成员之间的等级差别,难以满足疑问代词全称表达需要“成员地位平等”的语义要求,这使得疑问代词全称肯定表达排斥“也”的出现。另一方面,“也”的低概率特征在否定形式中有严重弱化的倾向,这使得“也”在疑问代词全称否定表达中的语义贡献与“都_(1)”趋同,可以平等无差别地覆盖集合中的每一个成员。
This paper argues that the adverb ye(也)not only indicates parallelism but also has the semantic feature of"low probability".This feature of ye can be exemplfied by many sentences in which the clause with ye encodes an event wit lower probability.In relation to ye,the licensing condition of lian(连)sentences is also discussed.It suggests that a word indicating low probability such as dou_(2)(都_(2)),ye and hai(还)is necessary in the lian sentences.Besides,the imbalanced distribution of ye in negative and assertive sentences where quantification is marked by interrogative pronoun suggests that:1)The low probability feature of ye contradicts the equalization in quantification thus it cannot appear in assertive sentences;2)Such a feature can be weakened by negation which enables ye,similar with dou_(1)(都_(1)),to be allowed in negative sentences with quatification.
出处
《中国语文》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第5期556-570,639,共16页
Studies of the Chinese Language
基金
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“语篇视野下的汉语虚词语法范畴研究”(22JJD740005)
中宣部“2019年文化名家暨‘四个一批’人才项目”的资助。
