摘要
碳边境调节机制(CBAM)是欧盟2023年推出的减碳措施,旨在解决“碳泄漏”问题的同时维护欧盟境内产业的竞争优势。其核心是“碳关税”,通过对进口商品中隐含的碳排放量征收额外关税,从而平衡欧盟内外碳排放成本。国际社会关于CBAM的合规性和减碳有效性引发剧烈争论。合规性层面,CBAM在最惠国待遇、国民待遇原则等方面与包含“一般例外”免责条款在内的WTO规则存在相悖之处。有效性层面,CBAM是符合欧盟整体利益的利好举措,但仍受到缺乏公平性、影响气候治理秩序、破坏欧盟内部经济的质疑。发达经济体对CBAM大多持支持或开放态度,七国集团甚至尝试效仿欧盟组建自己的区域碳税制度;不发达经济体则以质疑为主,指责其存在“国别歧视”“绿色贸易壁垒”之嫌。由于实际运行时间较短,CBAM的真实效果还有待观察。欧盟只有彻底摒弃潜在的贸易和政治意图,将CBAM作为纯粹的减碳举措,才能获得更多肯定与支持。中国也要注意在构建本国碳市场、推广减碳制度的同时,避免陷入气候治理博弈、贸易报复的误区,积极推动国际社会建立公平公正、一视同仁的减碳机制。
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)is a carbon reduction measure introduced by the European Union in 2023 to solve the problem of carbon leakage while maintaining the competitive advantage of industries within the EU.At its heart is carbon tariff,which balances the cost of carbon emissions inside and outside the EU by imposing an additional tariff on carbon emissions implied in imported goods.There is an intense debate in the international communityregarding the compliance and carbon reduction effectiveness of CBAM.At the level of compliance,CBAM is inconsistent with WTO rules including the general exception clause in terms of most-favored-nation treatment and national treatment principle.At the level of effective-ness,CBAM is a positive measure in line with the overall interests of the EU,but it is still questioned for its lack of fairness,impact on climate governance order and damage to the internal economy of the EU.Most developed economies have supportive or open-minded attitude towards CBAM,and the G7 even tries to follow the example of the EU to set up its own regional carbon tax system.Less developed economies mainly have questioning attitude,accusing it of country-specific discrimination and green trade barriers.CBAM has been in operation for only a short period of time,so its real effect remains to be seen.Only by completely abandoning the underlying trade and political intentions and presenting CBAM as a pure carbon reduction initiative can the EU gain more recognition and support.China should avoid falling into the trap of climate governance game and trade retaliation and actively promote the international community to establish a fair,just and non-discriminatory carbon reduction mechanism while building its own carbon market and promoting carbon reduc-tion system.
作者
王竹君
Wang Zhujun(School of Polieal Seience and Public Admnstration,China University of Polical Science and Law,Bejing 102249)
出处
《中外能源》
CAS
2024年第8期16-23,共8页
Sino-Global Energy
基金
中国外语战略研究中心2023年度青年项目“世界语言与文化研究”(编号:WYZL2023BJ0008)的部分研究成果。
关键词
碳边境调节机制
碳关税
减碳
气候治理
贸易壁垒
欧盟
carbon border adjustment mechanism
carbon tariff
carbon reduction
climate governance
trade bar-rier
European Union
