摘要
有关农业现代化的讨论通常围绕农业规模化展开。要理解中国式农业现代化的独特性,需要将之放在与全球其他国家对比的基础上。西方国家的农业现代化转型是为了给自己的工业化提供条件,但中国今天的农业现代化转型发生在工业化的中后期,发生在城市工商资本过剩的背景下,因而中国农业转型受到了资本下乡的推动。从中国农业规模化的实践来看,常见的有土地规模化和服务规模化两种路径,但这两种路径都是由资本主导的,小农户被锁定在利润低、风险高的生产环节,总体上处于被动地位。由于中国仍有大量的小农户只能依赖农业收益来维持生计,因而中国的农业现代化要考虑如何在保护小农户的基础上实现规模经营,保证粮食安全。在土地集体所有制之下,一些地区探索了以保护小农户为基础的农业规模化实践。村集体通过对细碎土地的整合,或通过将小农户组织起来对接公共服务或市场化服务,也可以推动农业规模经营。以小农户组织化为基础的农业现代化,是中国式农业现代化不同于他国的独特创新。中国式农业现代化的实现涉及道路选择问题,要发展小农户组织化为基础的农业现代化,需要为村集体的统筹经营留出空间。
Studies on agricultural modernization normally focus on large-scale agricultural development.In order to understand the uniqueness of Chinese agricultural modernization,it is necessary to place it in comparison with other countries.The agrarian transformation in developed countries lays the foundation for their industrialization,while Chinese agricultural modernization takes place in the mid-later stage of her industrialization when there is a surfeit of industrial and commercial capital.Therefore,the transformation of Chinese agricultural sector is driven by"capital flowing to the countryside".There are two pathways of scaling-up in agriculture in China:one through the centralized management of land and the other through provision of contracted agricultural services.Since both pathways are dominated by capital,small agricultural households are underprivileged and locked in sections with low profits and high risks.There are still large numbers of small agricultural households whose subsistence depends exclusively on agricultural income,therefore,Chinese agricultural modernization needs to protect those households in its pursuit of large-scale management and food security.Under the collective land ownership,some regions in China have developed practices of agricultural scaling-up with small households secured.Rural collectives achieve economies of scale through centralized management of scattered land plots,or through organizing small households to access public or market services.A scaled-up agriculture that is based on organized small households will be a unique innovation in Chinese agricultural modernization,which is a matter of choice of paths.To develop agricultural modernization based on organized small households will need to leave space for coordinated management of rural collectives.
作者
陈义媛
Chen Yiyuan(China Agricultural University)
出处
《武汉大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
北大核心
2024年第4期153-163,共11页
Wuhan University Journal：Philosophy & Social Science
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(23BSH068)。
关键词
村社集体
集体统筹
小农户
农业现代化
资本下乡
农业社会化服务
rural collectives
coordinated management of rural collectives
small agricultural households
agricultural modernization
capital flowing to the countryside
socialized service system fro agriculture
