摘要
数字就业的“极化”现象在世界各地普遍存在,高低技能劳动力就业增加而中等技能劳动力就业减少,这让“机器换人”与“机器创造就业”的观点互为争论,学界对此也结论不一、对“极化”的机制也未揭示全貌。文章通过对国内外文献综合梳理与分析,呈现相关问题的研究动态与前沿,借鉴已有研究经验,凝练“极化”背后的机制与形成路径,用于分析我国就业与收入极化的现状。文章通过分析提出了要素市场与产品市场的就业作用框架模型,其中产品市场起到引致劳动力需求的作用,要素市场则搭建数字技术与“信息-劳动-资本”传统三要素模型,并引入“技术-数据要素”模型。认为技术作用于信息、造成信息垄断与信息不对称,将高中技能劳动者留在劳动力市场,更多将低技能劳动者排除在市场之外;技术作用于劳动,直接产生就业极化,表现为对劳动就业的创造效应与破坏效应所形成的总效应;技术作用于资本,则劳动与资本的谈判力决定了二者如何分配所创造的收入。数据要素依附数字劳动,易于形成高技能数字劳动“被强化”、中低技能数字劳动“被弱化”的“单极化”结果。最终,就业是否极化以及极化的程度,取决于传统要素、数字要素与产品市场共同博弈的结果。
The phenomenon of“polarization”in digital employment is widespread around the world.The employment of high-and low-skilled labor increases and the employment of middle-skilled labor decreases,which leads to the controversy between the views of“machine-replacement”and“machine-created employment”.The academic community has come to different conclusions on this issue,and has not revealed the full picture of the"polarization"mechanism.This paper presents the research developments and frontiers of relate issues by comprehensively combing and analyzing the domestic and international literature,draws on the existing research experience,and condenses the mechanism and formation path behind the“polarization”,which is used to analyze the current situation of employment and income polarization in China.This paper proposes a framework model of factor market and product market in employment,in which the product market plays the role of inducing the labor demand,and the factor market builds the traditional three-factor model of digital technology and“information-labor-capital”,and introduces the“technology-data-factor”model.The role of technology in information generates information monopoly and information asymmetry,which includes high-skilled workers in the labor market and excludes low-skilled workers from the market.Besides,the role of technology in labor directly generates employment polarization,which is manifested in the total effect of creating and destroying labor and employment.Additionally,the role of technology in capital determines the negotiation power of labor and capital in how to distribute the income created by the two.Data factors are dependent on digital labor,which is easy to form the“unipolar”result of“strengthened”high-skilled labor and“weakened”middle-and low-skilled digital labor.Finally,the magnitude of employment polarization depends on the result of the joint game between traditional factors,digital factors and product markets.
作者
高秀娟
GAO Xiujuan(Department of Human Resource Management,China Women’s University,Beijing 100101,China)
出处
《北京科技大学学报（社会科学版）》
2024年第3期109-116,共8页
Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing(Social Sciences Edition)
基金
北京市哲学社会科学基金“数字经济发展促进北京市女性创业活跃度研究”(编号:22JCC090)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目“政府扶持政策、女性创业及其驱动机理研究”(编号:2022QN0102)。
关键词
数字就业
极化
技术进步
数据
人工智能
digital employment
polarization
technological progress
digital data
artificial intelligence
