摘要
从《民法典》与《民法典合同编通则解释》就行政审批对合同效力的影响、无权处分的法律后果等所作的规定看,“合同效力”在我国民法上具有明显的层次性。广义的合同效力与广义的合同拘束力属同义语,是法律对当事人合意的认可和保护,其前提是合同具备有效要件,即“依法成立”。因此,合同无效与合同不成立并无实质区别。但是,为了准确描述合同已依法成立但未生效的法律状态,我国民法有时是在狭义上使用合同拘束力的概念,并将其与狭义的合同效力概念区别开来:前者指当事人于合同依法成立后不得擅自撤销或者解除合同,并不得违反诚信原则恶意阻止条件成就或消极对待报批义务;后者则指当事人一方得基于合同请求对方履行约定的义务,即履行效力。此外,由于我国民法上的买卖合同不仅包含当事人发生债权债务关系的意思,而且包含当事人移转所有权的意思,因此,还应将买卖合同的效力进一步区分为履行效力与移转效力。“合同效力”的此种层次性,既是现代交易阶段化的必然产物,也是中国民法体系特色的重要表现。
From the provisions of the Civil Code and the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code on the impact of administrative approval on contract effectiveness and the legal consequences of unauthorized disposal,the“contract effectiveness”has a clear hierarchical nature in Chinese civil law.The broad validity of a contract and the broad binding force of a contract are synonymous,which are the recognition and protection of the parties'agreement by the law.The premise of a valid contract is“it is established in accordance with the law”.Therefore,there is no substantive difference between the invalidity of a contract and the non establishment of a contract.However,in order to accurately describe the legal status of a contract that has been legally established but has not yet taken effect,Chinese civil law sometimes uses the concept of contract binding force in a narrow sense and distinguishes it from the narrow concept of contract effectiveness:the former refers to the parties not revoking or terminating the contract without authorization after the contract is legally established,and not maliciously obstructing the achievement of conditions or passively treating the obligation of approval in violation of the principle of good faith;The latter refers to the fact that one party may request the other party to perform the agreed obligations based on the contract,that is,the effectiveness of performance.In addition,due to the fact that the sales contract in Chinese civil law not only includes the intention of the parties to establish a debt relationship,but also the intention of the parties to transfer ownership,the effectiveness of the sales contract should be further distinguished into performance effectiveness and transfer effectiveness.The hierarchical nature of contract effectiveness is not only an inevitable product of modern transaction stages,but also an important manifestation of the characteristics of Chinese civil law system.
作者
吴光荣
WU Guangrong(Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《现代法学》
北大核心
2024年第1期177-192,共16页
Modern Law Science
关键词
合同效力
合同的拘束力
合同的履行效力
合同的移转效力
民法典合同编通则解释
contract effectiveness
the binding force of the contract
the effectiveness of contract performance
the transfer effect of the contract
Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code
