摘要
我国证据链的概念缘起于前苏联,随着印证理论的繁荣,证据链开始与印证产生纠葛。通过对1887个案例的分析发现,无论是构造还是功能,证据链在司法实践中的认识均较为混乱。从构造上看,实践中对于证据链的主流认识可以总结为证据链应由两个以上证据连接而成;证据链中的证据应具有相关性、合法性和真实性;证据链中的证据之间应彼此印证;证据链的形态应为完整闭合环环相扣。从功能上看,证据链有证明标准和采纳标准两种功能。上述构造定位存在忽略规则和经验的作用以及忽视事实认定的盖然性等问题;而功能定位则会错误提升相应标准。证据链的重构应强调其发现事实的动态化作用,运用“五步法”,通过简单、序列、收敛、闭合、发散和对抗等结构形式对证据、概括及待证事实进行组合,最终形成树状网络拓扑结构。其功能应定位为证据分析方法。这种新型证据链不仅可以弥补我国证据分析方法不足的现状,也可以提升裁判的说理性并为司法智能化提供重要材料。
The concept of evidence chain in China originated from the Soviet Union,but with the prosperity of the corroboration theory,evidence chain began to tangle with the concept of corroboration.Through the analysis of 1887 cases,it is found that the understanding of evidence chain in judicial practice is relatively inconsistent,in terms of both structure and function.With respect to its structure,the mainstream understanding of evidence chain in practice can be summarized as follows:firstly,evidence chain should be connected by more than two pieces of evidence;secondly,the evidence in the evidence chain should have relevance,legitimacy and authenticity;thirdly,evidence in the evidence chain should have effects of mutual corroboration;and fourthly,the evidence chain should be complete,closed and linked.In respect of its functions,evidence chain mainly has two functions:proof standard and admissibility standard.There are some problems in the above structural positioning,such as neglecting the role of rules and experience and neglecting the probability of fact finding.The functional orientation will mistakenly raise the corresponding standards.The reconstruction of evidence chain should emphasize its dynamic role in fact finding,and use the“five-step method”to combine evidence,generalization,and probandum through structural forms of simple structure,serial structure,convergent structure,linked structure,divergent structure,adversarial structure and so on,ultimately forming a tree-form network topology structure.Its function should be positioned as evidence analysis method.This new type of evidence chain will not only make up for the lack of evidence analysis methods in China,but also improve the reasoning of judgments and provide important materials for smart justice.
出处
《中外法学》
北大核心
2023年第6期1655-1676,共22页
Peking University Law Journal
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金“生成式人工智能在事实认定中的应用方式与风险规制研究”(项目编号:2023JBW005)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
证据链
印证
证据分析方法
事实认定
司法智能化
Evidence Chain
Corroboration
Evidence Analysis Method
Fact Finding
Smart Justice
