摘要
通过田间试验探索控释掺混肥代替部分化肥对鲜食玉米产量、氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮含量等的影响,为化肥减施增效提供依据。为保证试验结果在北京市范围内的可推广性,选取位于密云和平谷的2块中肥力地块(地块A、地块B)开展试验,探索土温和降雨对肥料氮释放的影响,同时设置不施氮肥(CK),常规施肥(OPT,推荐施肥量),控释掺混肥1(CRU1,施肥量同OPT),控释掺混肥2(CRU2,较OPT减氮10%),控释掺混肥3(CRU3,较OPT减氮20%)共五个处理,分析鲜食玉米的产量、氮素累积量、氮肥利用效率、经济效益及土壤硝态氮含量等。结果表明:各处理的鲜穗产量顺序为:CRU1>CRU2、CRU3、OPT>CK,其中以CRU1的鲜穗产量最高,比CRU2、CRU3高750~758 kg·hm^(−2)、1500~1667 kg·hm^(−2);同时与OPT相比,CRU均可提高鲜穗的产量,地块A和地块B分别增产3.15%~17.1%和3.54%~10.1%。各处理的增收顺序为:CRU1>CRU2>CRU3>OPT>CK,其中以CRU1的净收入最高,分别比CRU2、CRU3高3690~3762元(地块A)、7470~8273元(地块B),同时与OPT相比,CRU均可提高净收入,分别增加5.75%~12.8%(地块A)、5.31%~20.2%(地块B)。与OPT相比,CRU能不同程度提高鲜食玉米的氮肥利用效率,其中氮肥回收率、氮肥偏生产力均以CRU3处理与OPT处理的差值最大,而氮肥农学效率以CRU1与OPT的差值最大。综上说明,与普通尿素分次施用相比,控释掺混肥一次性减氮施用可以提高鲜穗产量,获得种植收益,同时还能提高氮肥利用效率,以等氮[180 kg(N)·hm^(−2)]施用获得的鲜穗产量及收益最高。本研究中0~20 cm土层的硝态氮含量,CRU在24 d出现峰值为83.0~105 mg·kg^(−1)(地块A)>67.9~79.1 mg·kg^(−1)(地块B),这是由于地块B的更高土温和更强降雨导致控释氮前期释放过多,故地块A的峰值高于地块B;OPT在48 d(追肥期)再次出现峰值,地块B表现为OPT>CRU,地块A在两处理间无显著差异,这表明地块A的土温和降水相对保证�
To seek a scientific pattern for reducing fertilization in Beijing,we conducted a field experiment with reduced controlledrelease blended fertilizer replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer,and analyzed its effects on of fresh maize yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and soil nitrate nitrogen.To ensure the extension of the experimental within Beijing and understand the effects of soil temperature and rainfall on controlled-release nitrogen,we selected two medium fertility plots in Pinggu and Miyun(called plot A and plot B)with five nitrogen(N)treatments:no fertilizer(CK),recommended fertilization(OPT),3 controlled-release blended fertilizer levels(CRU1,CRU2,CRU3,which denotes 0,10%and 20%reduction of N rate based on OPT,respectively).We investigated fresh maize yield,economic benefit,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,nitrogen accumulation amount and soil nitrate nitrogen.The results showed that,the yield of fresh maize was in the order of CRU1>CRU2,CRU3,OPT>CK,and CRU1 had the highest yield.The yield of CRU was 750–758 kg·hm^(−2)(plot A)and 1500–1667 kg·hm^(−2)(plot B)higher than that of CRU2 and CRU3,and increased 3.15%–17.1%(plot A)and 3.54%–10.1%(plot B)compared with OPT,respectively.The income was in the order CRU1>CRU2>CRU3>OPT>CK,and CRU1 had the highest income,the profit of CRU1 was 3690−3762 yuan(plot A),7470–8273 yuan(plot B)higher than that of CRU2 and CRU3,and increased 5.75%–12.8%(plot A)and 5.31%–20.2%(plot B)compared with OPT,respectively.CRU treatments improved the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency compared with OPT;the difference between CRU3 and OPT was with the largest recovery efficiency of N and partical-factor productivity of N;the difference between CRU1 and OPT was with the largest agronomic efficiency of N.These results indicated that compared with urea multi-fertilization,the controlled-release blended fertilizer single application improved the yield of fresh maize,increased income and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,while app
作者
赵凯丽
刘瑜
于跃跃
颜芳
李萍
李权辉
尹心馨
贾小红
ZHAO Kaii;LIU Yu;YU Yueyue;YAN Fang;LI Ping;LI Quanhui;YIN Xinxin;JIA Xiaohong(Beijing Cultivated Land Construction and Protection Center,Beijing 100101,China;Beijing Miyun Soil Fertilizer Extension Service Station,Beijing 101500,China)
出处
《土壤与作物》
2023年第3期274-282,共9页
Soils and Crops
关键词
控释掺混肥
土壤硝态氮
产量
鲜食玉米
controlled-release blended fertilize
soil nitrate nitrogen
yield
fresh maize
