摘要
货币白银化在中国历史乃至世界历史上都具有划时代的意义。对于金银等贵金属资源严重匮乏的中国,明清巨量白银的流入,对当时的中国乃至后世产生了重要影响,然而以往研究大多基于某一个具体问题展开,有必要通过一条主线梳理已有成果,为未来可能的研究构建基础。本文以全球视角的“白银周期”为主线,收集和整理了有关的中外文献,综述和评述了明清两朝白银流动对中国经济发展的影响,尝试在历史演进中,厘清明清白银流入的历史、背后动因及其影响,评述与相关白银流动现象有关的货币理论机制,为开展进一步深入研究,观照当代货币的运作,提供一定启示。
The silverization of currency has epoch-making significance in Chinese and world history.The inflow of silver in Ming and Qing dynasties caused many changes in currency forms and trading modes,which profoundly impacted various issues such as monetary system,productivity and price level,handicraft industry and commodity economy development,fiscal and tax system,international trade balance,etc.However,most previous studies were based on specific problems in certain periods,which were numerous and disorganized.Besides making it difficult to sort out the clues,some reviews also focused on Ming or Qing dynasties separately,failing to form an overall understanding of the short-and long-term effects of silver flow.Therefore,this paper extends the study of silver flow trends to the end of Qing Dynasty based on existing scholars'global perspective on the division of two silver cycles before the middle of Qing Dynasty.This paper discusses,summarizes and comments on Chinese and foreign scholars'research from four aspects:(1)Self-production,inflow and stock estimation of silver;inflow reasons and paths;monetization motivation;(2)The influence of silver flow on monetary and financial systems;price and economic fluctuations;(3)The impact of silver flow on international trade;(4)The impact of silver flow on fiscal and tax systems;policy effects.This paper divides Ming and Qing dynasties into six periods based on the inflow or outflow of silver,excluding the early and middle Ming Dynasties.(1)From 1540s to 1630s,world silver production increased greatly,and silver from South America and Japan flowed into China through trade.This was the first great cycle of silver flow.(2)After 1640,the inflow of silver declined.(3)In the second cycle from 1700 to 1790,silver mining in Mexico and production in America continued to increase,resulting in a large amount of silver flowing into China again.(4)After 1800,world silver output declined significantly.Coupled with opium trade,the inflow of silver decreased and turned into a large-scale out
作者
郭华
何石军
GUO Hua;HE Shijun(College of Economics,Sichuan Agricultural University;Economics and Management School,Wuhan University)
出处
《金融研究》
北大核心
2023年第4期187-206,共20页
Journal of Financial Research
基金
国家社科基金项目(21XGL008)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(19XJC790007)资助。
关键词
白银流动
明清经济
文献评述
Silver Flow
Economy under Ming and Qing Dynasties
Literature Review
