摘要
司法实践中有关洗钱罪主观要素的证明难度较大,我国反洗钱工作的司法实践效果并不理想。针对《刑法修正案(十一)》删除“明知”后产生的理论争议,首先,需要明确刑法总则“明知”不等于刑法分则“明知”,成立洗钱罪仍需要具备故意的主观构成要件;其次,在“自洗钱”情形下,不存在对“明知”的证明问题,在“他洗钱”情形下,仍需要证明行为人对洗钱对象的“明知”,而不应仅根据法条的形式解释,一律认为成立洗钱罪不再需要证明“明知”;最后,证明他洗钱行为人的“明知”程度时应选择“可能性认识说”。“概括的推定认识”的提出,具有降低“明知”证明难度的理论价值,在实践中的具体运用应根据主体身份的不同适用差异化的证明标准,允许“可反驳的客观推定”存在,再加上“为掩饰、隐瞒”要素的辅助判断,共同实现对洗钱罪主观要素的准确认定。
It is difficult to prove the subjective elements of money laundering in judicial practice,and the judicial practice effect of China’s anti money laundering work is not ideal.In response to the theoretical controversy arising from the deletion of“knowing”in the Eleventh Amendment to the Criminal Law,it is first necessary to clarify that“knowing”in the general provisions of the Criminal Law does not equal to“knowing”in the specific provisions of the Criminal Law.The establishment of money laundering still requires the subjective constitutive elements of intentional intent.Secondly,in the case of“self money laundering”,there is no problem of proving“knowing”.In the case of“other money laundering”,it is still necessary to prove the perpetrator’s“knowing”of the money laundering object.It should not be interpreted solely based on the form of legal provisions,and it is no longer necessary to prove“knowing”to establish the crime of money laundering.Finally,when proving the“knowing”level of the money laundering perpetrator,the“possibility cognition theory”should be chosen.The proposal of“generalized presumption of knowledge”has theoretical value in reducing the difficulty of“knowing”proof.In practice,different proof standards should be applied according to the different identities of the subject,allowing for the existence of“refutable objective presumption”,and adding auxiliary judgments of“concealing”elements to jointly achieve accurate identification of the subjective elements of money laundering crime.
作者
张小宁
宋立宵
ZHANG Xiaoning;SONG Lixiao(School of Law,Shandong University,Weihai 264209,China)
出处
《齐鲁学刊》
2023年第3期88-101,共14页
Qilu Journal
基金
国家社会科学基金项目“金融刑法规制理念的重塑研究”(18BFX097)。
关键词
洗钱罪
主观要素
明知
概括的推定认识
money laundering crime
subjective elements
knowingly
general presumptive understanding
