《民法典》视域下高空抛物补偿责任制度的适用困境与破解

The Application Dilemma and Solution of the Liability System of Compensation for High-Altitude Projectiles from the Perspective of the Civil Code

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摘要《民法典》第1254条对高空抛物制度增设了相关规定,极大地提高了该制度的合理性,但通过对《民法典》施行后适用高空抛物补偿责任规定的案件梳理,发现在司法实务中,法官对高空抛物补偿责任制度适用的案件类型、补偿范围、补偿项目、内部分担方式等方面都存在较大分歧。究其原因在于现行立法规定表述尚存在一定的局限性,应对高空抛物补偿责任具体如何适用略显不足,理论上对补偿责任的性质存在争议。宜将高空抛物补偿责任定性为公平责任;明确适用案件类型包括抛掷物、坠落物致害案件,并类推适用于下水道堵塞案件;补偿的范围不宜覆盖全部损失数额,宜将精神损害抚慰金纳入到补偿项目中;采取平均分担和比例分担相结合的损失分担方式。 Article 1254 of the Ciwil Code adds relevant provisions to the high-altitude projectile system,which greatly enhances the rationality of the system.However,through sorting out the cases in which the provisions on the liability of compensation for high-alitude projectiles are applied after the implementation of the Ciwil Code,it can be seen that in judicial practice there are major divergences about the case types,compensation scope,compensation items,and intemal sharing in the application of the high-altitude projectile compensation liability system.The reasons have been found to be certain limitations to the expression of the current legislative provisions,insufficient specifie application of the compensation liability for high-alitude projectiles,and disputes over the nature of the compensation liability in theory.It is advisable to characterize the liability of compensation for high-altitude projectiles as fair liability,and to clarify the case types applicable to include cases of harmn caused by falling objects and thrown objects,as well as those caused by sewer blockage in the similar way.The scope of compensation should not cover the entire amount of losses,and it is appropriate to include the consolation payment for mental damage in the compensation project,and to adopt a loss sharing method that combines average sharing and proportional sharing.

作者王家阳 WANG Jia-yang(School of Law,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 102488,China)

机构地区中国社会科学院大学法学院

出处《太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）》 2023年第3期56-63,共8页 Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)

基金最高人民法院司法研究重大课题“部分连带责任研究”(ZGFYZDKT2022-14-01)。

关键词高空抛物补偿责任公平责任比例责任精神损害抚慰金 high-altitude projectiles compensation liability duty of fairmess proportional liability consolation payments for mental impairment

分类号 D923 [政治法律—民商法学]