摘要
明清时期治理黄河,在今兰考以下河段南北筑堤,形成长逾千里、宽约数里至数十里的河道。河道除行水外,尚有面积广阔的河滩。鉴于河务、漕运之重,国家奉行“不与水争地”,严禁垦殖。1855年黄河北徙,故道成地数百万亩,但复故与否,清廷内部争论未决,直至辛亥鼎革仍无明确措置。民初,主政江苏的冯国璋为辟财源,上呈中央,欲将故道之地划归地方处理。然而,变卖官产已成北京政府开源之既定政策,冯的计划落空。袁世凯死后,地方势力膨胀,掌控江苏省的齐燮元无视中央法令,公开放领故道。南京国民政府建立后,积极推动导淮,黄河故道与之关系甚大,中央议决导淮委员会接管,但无论在统治核心的江苏还是山东、河南,相关工作皆举步维艰。故道土地权属之争,凸显了国家治理能力的实态。
To rein in the unruly Yellow River,the Ming and Qing governments built dykes along the course of the Yellow River east of Lankao county,which were over 500 km in length and between half km and dozens of kilometers in width.Apart from water transportation,the dykes also created a vast wastelands close to the river.Since the Yellow River course was a busy water transportation route,the Ming and Qing governments banned agricultural activities on these wastelands.Things came to a head in 1855 when the Yellow River changed its course northward,leaving its vast old course with the possibility of cultivation.However,the Qing government was undecided on whether it should green-light agricultural development on the Yellow River's old course,a situation persisting well after the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution.In the early days of the Republican China,Feng Guozhang,the governor of Jiangsu,submitted a report to the central government,in which he suggested that the local government should be responsible for the disposal of the old course of the Yellow River.Nevertheless,the Beijing Government had been addicted to selling out government properties at the time,making Feng's suggestion a nonstarter.Strongmen politics emerged in local China after the death of Yuan Shikai.Under such circumstances,Qi Xieyuan,then the Jiangsu governor,green-lighted agricultural development on the old course of the Yellow River,defying the directive of the central government.The following Nanjing Nationalist Government went to great lengths to implement the the Diversion Project of Huai River,which involved the disposal of the Yellow River's old course.Although the Nanjing Nationalist Government entrusted the Huai River Diversion Commission to handle related issues of the Yellow River's old course,related work moved slowly in Jiangsu,Shandong and Henan.Land ownership disputes in the Yellow River's old course brought the poor governance capability of the Nationalist Government to the fore.
出处
《近代史研究》
北大核心
2023年第2期16-29,M0003,共15页
Modern Chinese History Studies
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“近代治淮文献收集整理与数据库建设”(22AZS016)的阶段性成果。
