摘要
【目的】构建基于产量反应与农学效率的苹果养分专家施肥系统,通过田间试验验证其可行性,为我国苹果科学施肥提供新方案。【方法】搜集整理2002—2017年272个苹果田间试验数据,计算产量反应、养分内在效率、农学效率等参数,采用QUEFTS模型评估苹果养分吸收特征,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的苹果养分专家施肥系统。2017—2019年,在山西运城、陕西洛川和长武共选择12个盛果期‘红富士’苹果园开展田间验证试验,即采用苹果养分专家推荐施肥(Nutrient Expert,NE)、农民习惯施肥(farmers’practice,FP)和当地农技部门测土配方推荐施肥(soil test,ST)3种施肥技术,研究苹果产量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益响应特征。【结果】苹果产量平均为33.91 t/hm^(2);苹果果实N、P、K含量分别为3.19、0.57、8.07 g/kg,枝条N、P、K含量分别为7.57、1.12、4.61 g/kg;叶片N、P、K含量分别为24.02、1.38、8.58 g/kg;地上部N、P、K养分吸收量分别为89.06、11.11、83.32 kg/hm^(2);N、P、K养分收获指数分别为0.19、0.27、0.48 kg/kg。QUEFTS模型表明,目标产量所需养分在达到潜在产量50%~60%前呈直线增长,吨果N、P、K养分吸收量分别为3.1、0.4、2.9 kg,N、P、K养分需求比例约为7.8∶1.0∶7.3。苹果氮、磷、钾肥增产量与农学效率呈极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.01),相关系数分别高达0.804(n=270)、0.763(n=257)和0.794(n=264),关系式分别为AEN=−0.0054YRN 2+1.767YRN−0.056、AEP=−0.0053YRP 2+2.775YRP+0.538、AEK=−0.0036YRK 2+1.629YRK+1.653。田间验证试验结果表明,与FP相比,NE处理氮、磷和钾肥施用量分别降低41.9%、37.0%和43.6%,而苹果产量、氮素农学效率、氮素偏生产力以及经济效益则分别提高17.3%、81.7%、80.6%和21.9%;与ST处理相比,NE处理氮、磷和钾肥施用量分别减少20.8%、25.0%和29.7%,而苹果产量、氮素农学效率、氮素偏生产力以及经济效益则无显著差异
【Objectives】To develop an alternative for optimum fertilization in apple production systems,Nutrient Expert(NE)for apple fertilization based on yield response(YR)and agronomic efficiency(AE)was established,and its practicability was evaluated simultaneously using field experiments.【Methods】We collected the published results from 272 field experiments and calculated the data of several parameters such as YR,internal efficiency and AE from 2002 to 2017.The nutrient uptake of N,P,and K in apple was estimated by QUEFTS model,and NE was established based on YR and AE.Two-year field experiments(2017–2019)treated with NE,FP(farmers’practice,FP),and ST(soil test,ST)were carried out in Luochuan and Changwu counties of Shaanxi Province,and Yuncheng county of Shanxi Province,and four apple orchards were selected in each county to investigate apple yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and economic benefits in response to NE,FP,and ST treatments.【Results】The averaged apple yield was 33.91 kg/hm^(2).The averaged N,P,and K concentrations were 3.19,0.57,and 8.07 g/kg in apple fruit,7.57,1.12,and 4.61 g/kg in branches,and 24.02,1.38,and 8.58 g/kg in leaves,respectively.The averaged N,P,and K uptakes in aboveground parts(i.e.,fruit,branches,and leaves)were 89.06,11.11,and 83.32 kg/hm^(2),and the harvest indices were 0.19 kg/kg for N,0.27 kg/kg for P,and 0.48 kg/kg for K,respectively.The QUEFTS model indicated that nutrient uptake was linearly increased when apple yield reached 50%-60%of potential yield,and N 3.1 kg,P 0.4 kg,and K 2.9 kg were required to produce 1 t apple fruit,with a N:P:K ratio of 7.8:1.0:7.3.The yield response for N,P,and K was quadratically correlated with their respective AE,and the corresponding equation was AEN=−0.0054YRN2+1.767YRN−0.056(R2=0.804,n=270)for N,AEP=−0.0053YRP2+2.775YRP+0.538(R2=0.763,n=257)for P,and AEK=−0.0036YRK2+1.629YRK+1.653(R2=0.794,n=264)for K,respectively.The field experiment results revealed that the NE treatment substantially decreased the application rates of N-
作者
史浩田
王明达
赵家锐
张振兴
徐新朋
刘占军
SHI Hao-tian;WANG Ming-da;ZHAO Jia-rui;ZHANG Zhen-xing;XU Xin-peng;LIU Zhan-jun(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第3期496-510,共15页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0200104)
财政部和农业农村部–国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-27)
陕西省科技重大专项(2020zdzx03-02-01)。
