摘要
仇恨犯罪较为普遍地存在于多元化社会各国。它是以行为人对受害人的各种偏见为基础,以给行为人认定的某种群体的个人及其群体造成损害为目的,因此与报复特定个人和社会的犯罪不同,也与敌人刑法适用的犯罪类型存在差异。对仇恨犯罪的单独立法主要见于普通法系国家,尤其是美国。仇恨犯罪单独立法的目的是为了加重对行为人的惩罚,这并未违反宪法上的平等原则,也未侵害言论自由,且符合罪刑相适应原则。仇恨犯罪必然以上游犯罪为基础,同时行为动机系基于法定的偏见类型。仇恨犯罪的甄别与统计对预防犯罪、提升国家治理能力都有重要意义。仇恨犯罪中的偏见动机往往源于社会的结构性歧视,偏见产生移位攻击。在行为人人身危险性并不显著时,监禁消除偏见的效果不如恢复性司法措施。对仇恨犯罪也存在爱的刑法观念的适用。我国没有必要对仇恨犯罪单独立法,但对涉及民族关系等领域的犯罪,可吸纳仇恨犯罪理念的合理成分。
Hate crimes are generally committed in countries with pluralist cultures.It is bias-motivated,aiming at harming a specific community or its individual member.Therefore,it is not the same as the crime of retaliating against a particular individual or the whole society,and it is also different from the types of crimes to which the enemy’s criminal law applies.Independent legislation on hate crimes is mainly found in common law countries,especially in the United States.The legislative purpose is to impose heavier punishment on the perpetrators so as to adhere to the principle of proportionality between crime and punishment,without violating the constitutional principle of equality and freedom of speech.Undoubtedly,it shall be based on the upstream crimes,and its motivation shall be restricted to the types of legal bias.The identification and the statistics of hate crimes are of great significance to crime prevention and the improvement of state governance capacity.The bias in hate crimes often comes from social structural discrimination,which generates displaced attacks.When the danger of the perpetrator is not obvious,the effect of imprisonment on eliminating discrimination is not as good as that of restorative justice measures.In addition,the criminal law concerning the idea of love to hate crimes also applies to the hate crime.In China,blessed with a unified culture,there is no need to legislate on hate crime,but legislation on crimes involving ethnic relations,can learn from the elements of the hate crime.
出处
《比较法研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第1期84-96,共13页
Journal of Comparative Law
关键词
仇恨犯罪
偏见犯罪
敌人刑法
犯罪动机
恢复性司法
hate crime
bias crime
enemy criminal law
criminal motive
restorative justice
