摘要
羡余否定现象有很多争议。人们很容易认为词义是羡余否定的根本要素,羡余否定词不过是隐性否定动词的否定义的上浮。但实际上羡余否定不能完全归结为词汇现象,因为羡余否定不仅需要引发■p,同时还需要引发p。语用上造成p和■p的冲突才是最关键的。只引发■p,要么难以形成羡余否定,比如“禁止、反对”等;要么只能产生偶发的羡余否定,比如“忘、拒绝”等。归根结底,最关键的因素是语用而非词义。羡余否定词仍有意义;更确切地说,羡余否定一般是强调主体的态度。相应地,羡余否定句式都是糅合句式。
Pleonastic negation(henceforth PN),which is attested in widely divergent families of languages,is a highly controversial issue.Since the matrix verb licensing the PN is covertly negative,it is believed that the pleonastic negator is generated once the underlying negative sense of the verb emerges in the surface structure of the complement clause.This paper,however,argues that PN cannot be reduced to a purely lexical phenomenon.Although covertly negative verbs can trigger rp,this constitutes no more than a necessary condition for the occurrence of PN.PN requires in the meantime the triggering of p.The contradiction between p and rp is the real critical constraint on PNs.If only rp is induced,in cases such as jinzhi(禁止,‘to forbid')and fandui(反对,‘to be opposed to'),PNs scarcely occur;while in other cases such as wang(忘,‘to forget')and jujue(拒绝,‘to refuse'),PNs are motivated incidentally.Only by inducing both p and ■p can PN have the possibility to occur frequently and subsequently be entrenched in the language.More specifically,three conditions are identified based on the opposition of p and rp:Firstly,p generally denotes an event or situation which is not expected by the subject involved(including the syntactic subject,or the speaker).This is connected with the implicit negative import in the main verb.By virtue of this constraint,the fact why certain expressions,like henbude(恨不得,‘cannot wait another second'),despite a contrast between p and ■p,cannot trigger a PN is accounted for.Secondly, ■p is possible,rather than counter-factual.This explains why houhui(后悔,‘to regret')cannot trigger a canonical PN.Thirdly,p must also be possible.The more likely p is,the greater the chance for a PN to occur.This explains why it is difficult for jinzhi(禁止,‘to forbid')to trigger PN.It is on this point that our view is different from most of previous studies.In summary,the pragmatic factor in the contradiction between p and ■p should be accorded more significance than the lexical pr
作者
李明
LI Ming(Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
出处
《当代语言学》
北大核心
2023年第1期1-28,共28页
Contemporary Linguistics
关键词
羡余否定
隐性否定动词
p和-■p的冲
突态度标记
pleonastic negation
covertly negative verb
contradiction between p and■p
attitudemarker
