摘要
工业赶超是指后发国家在工业领域追赶和超越先发工业国的历史过程,其以技术创新为基础。技术的报酬递增特性使潜在的后发优势并不必然转变为现实发展动力,后发国家通常只有在技术范式的转换期才有可能实现工业赶超。然而,绝大多数后发国家难以抓住赶超的机会窗口,这是因为技术创新的潜在经济效益只有在生产组织形式相应革新时才能充分获取。从手工工场到机器大工厂再到现代企业制度,主导性生产组织形式的演变离不开不断提高的劳动力要素流动程度。19世纪中叶至20世纪初,美国、德国和俄国三个后发工业国家对英国的工业赶超历程反映了后发工业赶超的初始条件与核心机制。美国和德国的劳动力要素流动障碍均得到破除,两国发展起与新技术相匹配的新型生产组织形式,由此超越英国成为第二次工业革命时期的技术主导国和工业领先国。俄国劳动力要素流动则受到严格限制,导致俄国仍保留传统的生产组织形式,进而被锁定在工业发展水平相对落后的状态。中国应着力破除阻碍劳动力和人才自主有序流动的体制机制障碍,为充分获取工业技术创新的潜在经济效益和实现后发工业赶超提供强劲动力。
Industrial catch-up,based on technological innovation,refers to the catchup initiated by latecomers to advanced industrial countries in the industrial field.Because of the increasing returns of technology,the potential advantage of backwardness does not necessarily turn into a real driving force for development.Only in the transition period of technological paradigm do latecomers have the possibility to catch up.However,it is difficult for most latecomers to seize the opportunity,because the potential economic benefits of technological innovation can only be fully obtained when the production organization is reformed acordingly.From manual workshop to machine factory and then to modern enterprise,the evolution of dominant production organization is inseparable from the continuous improvement of labor mobility.The catch-up cases of United States,Germany and Russia during mid-19th and the early 20thcenturies reflect the initial conditions and coremechanism needed for the catch-up.Removal of barriers to labor mobility in United States and Germany enabled these two countries to develop new forms of production organization matching new technologies,and they thus became technological leading countries during the Second Industrial Revolution.Labor mobility in Russia was strictly restricted,which made it retain the traditional form of production organization,and then locked in a state of industrial backwardness.The 14th Five-Year Plan period is a critical period for China to advance to an industrial great power.To fully capture the potential economic benefits of technological innovation and realize industrial catch-up,efforts should be made to remove institutional barriers to labor mobility.
作者
张倩雨
Zhang Qianyu(the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China)
出处
《世界经济与政治》
北大核心
2023年第1期87-120,153,154,共36页
World Economics and Politics
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“中美数字技术国际标准制定竞争及我国对策研究”(项目批准号:22CGJ021)的阶段性成果。
关键词
劳动力要素流动
生产组织
后发国家
工业赶超
大国竞争
labor mobility
production organizations
latecomer
industrial catch-up
greatpower competition
