摘要
明朝廷派遣监察御史巡按地方整饬地方吏治,巡按御史的最重要职责是荐举或弹劾地方官员,为此巡按御史必须掌握地方官员的业绩。为了实现这一目的,巡按御史或者个人亲自调查地方治理状况。由于巡按御史任期短暂,在这种情况下,以乡绅、生员和里老人为代表的地方势力的话语,很容易误导巡按御史的视听。巡按御史或者委派部分地方官员代己调查地方治理状况。在这种情况下,通常是由一部分地方官员去调查另一部分官员的业绩,或者上司调查下级,或者下级调查上司。出于对个人政治前途的考量,被巡按御史委派的、行使调查职责的地方官员往往隐蔽真情,与被调查者经常相互“呵护”。因此,间接调查也同样容易误导巡按御史的判断。由于巡按御史在大多数情况下无法了解地方治理的真相,加之官僚体制运作过程中其他因素的影响,巡按御史整饬吏治的作用是很有限的,有时甚至是消极的。因此,那种认为巡按御史对整顿明代地方吏治起了重要作用的论断,是不符合历史事实的。
The Ming court dispatched the regional inspectors to tour every province regularly to rectify administration and enforce laws.The regional inspectors’ most important responsibility was to make recommendation or impeachment,for which they must be informed of local officials’ worthiness or unworthiness.To achieve this goal,the regional inspectors either made personal inquiries and investigations or assigned some local officials to do the job on their behalf.Under the first circumstance,the regional inspectors were most likely to be misled by the voice of local gentry,officials residing in the countryside,government school students and village elders.Under the second circumstance,the regional inspector sometimes ordered junior local officials to investigate the worthiness or unworthiness of senior local officials,sometimes assigned senior local officials to investigate the worthiness or unworthiness of junior local officials.Out of the sincere concern about their own political future,the investigators assigned by the regional inspectors usually covered up the truth and colluded with the investigated.Therefore,the regional inspectors were most likely to be misled by indirect investigation.Due to the regional inspectors’ ignorance of local administration and the effect of other factors from bureaucracy,the regional inspectors played a limited,sometime even a negative role in rectifying administration.In brief,it is not true to history to claim that the regional inspectors played a very important role in rectifying administration during the Ming period.
作者
张祥明
裴磊
ZHANG Xiangming;PEI Lei(College of History and Tourism,Shanxi Normal University,Taiyuan 030031,China;Research Center for Chinese Social History,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030000,China)
出处
《齐鲁学刊》
2023年第1期65-78,共14页
Qilu Journal
关键词
明代吏治
传统治理
巡按御史
监察制度
回避制度
the conduct of administration during the Ming
traditional rule
the regional inspector
the censorial system
rule of avoidance
