摘要
针对地铁火灾存在导致重大人员伤亡的风险,首先提出通风、排烟、挡烟、隔离等多元设施协同控制的主动救灾思想,采用火灾模拟软件(FDS)建立常规地铁站与换乘地铁站的模型,模拟站台中部火灾下,排烟风机、挡烟垂壁局部和全部开启时关键部位的烟流控制效果;然后利用有效剂量分数(FED)模型分析人员的致死因素,并提出地铁常态通风与火灾烟流协同集控系统。结果显示:对于常规地铁站中部火灾,常态通风下,120 s后烟气蔓延到中间楼梯口,180 s时烟气弥漫整个站台层;开启所有排烟设施并关闭挡烟垂壁后,能够有效地将火灾烟气控制在站台中部及右侧。对于换乘地铁站,常态通风下,300 s时烟气污染所有站台与站厅区域,中间和左侧楼梯口的可用疏散时间为130和185 s;开启所有排烟设施并关闭挡烟垂壁后,下层站台烟流少量扩散到上层站台,但未波及到站厅,二者可用疏散时间增大至150和230 s。楼梯口能见度是影响可用疏散时间的关键因素,而火灾致命性因素是CO体积分数。
In order to avoid the casualties caused by subway fires,the idea of active disaster relief with coordinated and centralized control of multiple facilities such as ventilation,smoke exhaust,smoke blocking and isolation was proposed.Fire dynamics simulator(FDS)was used to model the conventional and interchange metro stations.The scenario of a fire in the middle of the station platform was simulated.When smoke exhaust fans and smoke retaining walls were partially and fully opened,the smoke flow control effect of key parts were compared and analyzed.The fractional effective dose(FED)model was used to analyze the fatality factors of personnel.The subway normal ventilation and fire smoke flow cooperative centralized control system were proposed.The results show:for a fire in the middle of a conventional subway station,smoke spreads to the middle stairway entrance after 120 s and fills the entire platform level at 180 s under normal ventilation.With all smoke extraction facilities turned on and smoke barrier walls closed,fire smoke can be effectively contained in the middle and right side of the platform.For interchange subway stations,smoke contaminates all platform and concourse areas at 300 s under normal ventilation.The available evacuation times for the middle and left stairways are 130 and 185 s respectively.After opening all smoke extraction facilities and closing the smoke retaining walls,a small amount of smoke flow from the lower platform spreads to the upper platform,but does not spread to the station hall.The available evacuation time of the two staircases increased to 150 and 230 s respectively.Visibility at the stairway entrance is a key factor affecting the escape of people,while the lethal factor of fire is CO concentration.
作者
王凯
胡经纬
杨涛
蔡炜垚
王建华
陈瑞鼎
WANG Kai;HU Jingwei;YANG Tao;CAI Weiyao;WANG Jianhua;CHEN Ruiding(Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space,China University of Mining&Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China;School of Safety Engineering,China University of Mining&Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China;School of Mining Safety,North China Institute of Science and Technology,Langfang Hebei 065201,China)
出处
《中国安全科学学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第12期133-140,共8页
China Safety Science Journal
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0808100)
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52074278)。
关键词
地铁站火灾
烟流特性
协同集控系统
数值模拟
人员疏散
subway fires
smoke flow characteristics
collaborative control system
numerical simulation
personnel evacuation
