摘要
平台垄断是数字经济在其迅猛发展过程中暴露的突出问题之一,防范数字资本无序扩张、引导数字平台良性发展需要明晰平台垄断形成的机理。鉴于平台租金是数字平台谋利的主要方式,基于数字劳动的产生及其特征探究数字平台租金的生成及其特性,为正确认识和对待平台垄断提供了一条可行路径。本文以马克思地租理论为依据,剖析数字平台租金的“一般”和“特殊”:首先,通过溯源“平台”概念明晰信息的特征及其在平台形成和发展中所起的关键作用,并结合从马克思地租理论中抽象出的“租金一般”规律,阐明平台租金源自平台对信息所有权的垄断,表现为平台内外生产效益的差异化,并因优质平台稀缺引致的经营权垄断而得以长期维系,此为“一般”;其次,不同形式的租金映射着不同技术条件下的劳动方式,数字技术革新使得劳动方式发生显著变化,无目的的劳动、非物质化的劳动对象以及复杂化的劳动资料成为现实并构成数字劳动的主要特征,相应地,数字劳动使得数字平台租金直接表现为数据租金,呈现出指数积累和两极分化的态势,并具有一定的技术壁垒和受众惯性,此为“特殊”;此外,数字平台的各租金形式处于动态的历史关联之中,并必然地演变为垄断租金。在此基础上,本文提出一个双边垄断模型,用以解释数字平台的垄断机理:一方面,数字平台向非经营性用户隐性地收取产品租金,并处于天然的垄断地位;另一方面,数字平台向经营性用户收取显性的货币租金,并迅速转变为垄断租金;进而,个别数字平台依托自身的行业垄断地位,不断尝试建构生态垄断,以期持续性地再生产出新的垄断关系。上述分析为有效规制数字平台垄断提供了以下思路:在短期内,需优化税制结构并考虑增设新税种,如数字资源税;在中期内,应注重规范数字经济秩序,保
ed from Marx’s land rent theory,the theoretical connotation of platform rent can be well-explained:it originates from the platform’s monopoly of information ownership,it’s manifested as the differentiated productivity effect inside and outside the platform,and it endures because of the scarcity of quality platforms which leads to the monopoly of management rights.Above is the“general”aspect.Then,the innovation of digital technology changes the labor process,and aimless labor,non-material labor objects and complex labor materials become a reality,which constitutes the main characteristics of digital labor.According to Marx’s combing of the evolution history of land rent,different forms of rent reflect the way of labor under different technical conditions.Therefore,digital labor makes the digital platform rent directly manifested as the data rent,which shows a trend of series accumulation and polarization and also has a certain technical barrier and audience inertia.This is the“special”aspect.In addition,the different forms of digital platform rent are in a dynamic historical correlation,and inevitably evolve into monopoly rent.On this basis,this paper proposes a bilateral monopoly model to explain the monopoly mechanism of the digital platform:on the one hand,the digital platform implicitly collects data rent from the non-operating users,and is in a natural monopoly position because of the product form of the rent.On the other hand,the platform collects explicit currency rent from the operating users,which quickly becomes the monopoly rent due to the market competition characteristics of the digital platform.Then,some digital platforms which are in the privileged position of monopoly will constantly try to build an ecological monopoly,in order to continuously reproduce the monopoly relationship.Based on the above analysis,the effective regulation of the digital platform monopoly should be multifaceted:in the short term,the adjustment of the tax structure should be emphasized,and some new types of t
作者
周绍东
戴一帆
ZHOU Shao-dong;DAI Yi-fan(School of Marxism,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China)
出处
《西部论坛》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第5期1-11,共11页
West Forum
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(21JZD008)。
关键词
数字经济
数字平台
平台垄断
平台租金
双边垄断
马克思地租理论
digital economy
digital platform
platform monopoly
platform rent
bilateral monopoly
Marx’s Land Rent Theory
