摘要
自19世纪末100多年以来各国实施的土壤调查可分为四类,分别为土壤分类调查、农田土壤基础地力调查与评价、科学施肥与耕地保育所需农田化学性状采样调查和以土壤环境质量为主题的调查。土壤分类调查是近代各国最早开展,也是在全球最广泛实施的土壤调查,主要目的是弄清成土过程导致的土壤资源类别差异及其分布特征。由于自然条件下成土过程可达数万年,分类调查的主要产出--土壤图和各类土壤典型剖面理化性状表,具有很长的时效性,广泛用于各研究领域。各发达国家在20世纪完成全国性分类调查之后,未再进行新的、全国性的土壤分类调查。中国在全国第二次土壤普查中通过较高密度地面采样完成的大比例尺土壤图和与之匹配的10余万个典型剖面数据表,精度和指标丰富度超过许多发达国家分类调查成果,可供科学界和各行业长久使用。在人均耕地资源紧缺的中欧国家,为满足土地管理部门和农民对更方便、好懂的农田土壤质量指标的需求,20世纪中叶以来,通过高密度地面采样,进行了农田土壤基础地力调查与评价,为每个田块建立了具有官方认证性质的农田土壤百分价指标和基础地力底档。这一调查结果广泛用于土地与农田管理、税收、农业补贴、农田租赁、交易、借贷、保险等行业,成为各行业不可缺少的农田土壤质量百年基础数据。中国人均耕地面积较中欧国家更少,但至今农地管理中土壤质量信息短缺,难以实现耕地数量与质量的合并管理,需要探索与中国经济、社会制度和社会发展相适应的农田基础地力调查、评价方法与运行机制,为每个田块建立精准、可靠、科学、可长期使用的基础地力底档。对施肥推荐及耕地保育所需农田化学性状采样调查的总结显示,发达国家已将该类调查纳入科学施肥和耕地保育技术支撑体系。对�
The reviewing soil surveys and soil investigations in different countries shows that in order to understand the soil resources and soil quality,the soil surveys and investigations carried out by different countries since the end of the 19th century can be divided into four categories,namely:survey for soil classification,investigation and evaluation of farmland fertility,testing of soil chemical properties for fertilizer recommendation and soil investigations related to environmental issues.Among the four categories,soil classification is the earliest and the most widely implemented survey works carried out in the world.Main purpose of the classification survey is to clarify the differences in soil types and their spatial distributions caused by various soil formation processes.Since soil formation processes under natural conditions can reach tens of thousands of years,the main outputs of the classification survey-the soil maps and the records of soil profiles,expressing the physicochemical properties of various soil types,have a long timeliness and are widely used in various research areas.After the completion of nation-wide soil classification surveys in the last century in developed countries,the updated survey was not conducted in these countries.In the second national soil survey in China,large-scale soil maps covering the whole country were completed by relatively higher profile sampling density.The physicochemical properties of 100000 soil profiles,representing different soil types,were also recorded.Both the map scale and the richness of soil profile data from the survey surpassed the outputs from classification surveys in many developed country.Soil classification data obtained from this survey are valid for a long time to different disciplines and sectors.In order to meet needs for easy-to-understand farmland fertility grades by land management sectors and farmers,investigation and evaluation of farmland fertility have been carried out in Central European countries,where per capita arable land resources
作者
张维理
Kolbe H
张认连
张定祥
白占国
张晶
师华定
ZHANG WeiLi;KOLBE H;ZHANG RenLian;ZHANG DingXiang;BAI ZhanGuo;ZHANG Jing;SHI HuaDing(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft,Waldheimer Straβe 219,D-01683,Germany;China Land Surveying and Planning Institute,Beijing 100035,China;ISRIC-World Soil Information,P.O.Box 353,6700 AJ,Wageningen,The Netherlands;Agricultural Information Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Technical Centre for Soil,Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100012,China)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第18期3565-3583,共19页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
科技部科技基础性工作专项(2006FY120200、2012FY112100)。
关键词
土壤调查
农田土壤基础地力调查与评价
土壤化学性状测试
土壤环境质量
耕地保护
土壤采样设计
soil survey
farmland fertility investigation and evaluation
testing soil chemical properties
soil environmental quality
protection of arable land
soil samplings design
