摘要
冒顿代父自立后,匈奴建构了姻亲氏族和挛鞮氏共同掌握国家政权的政治体制,其中挛鞮氏处于核心地位并垄断军政大权,姻亲氏族处于“辅政”地位。匈奴前期挛鞮氏诸王通过发动“掠夺”战争、索取“岁奉”“通关市”等资源,满足了姻亲氏族的物质需求,匈奴政治体制和挛鞮氏的核心地位均稳定。武帝以降,挛鞮氏诸王难以稳定的获取资源,逐渐失去了姻亲氏族的支持,匈奴传统的政治体制开始解体。在此进程中,姻亲氏族先后通过扩权、成为核心氏族、被“共立”为单于等获得了与挛鞮氏在匈奴政权中“对等”的政治地位,北朝时,姻亲氏族蒙逊脱离匈奴政权独立建国,匈奴政治体制基本瓦解。
After killing his father and establishing himself as “Chanyu,”Modu launched a war to conquer all surrounding nationalities. Succeeding,he finally could conclude: “All people who draw bows now have been united as one family”.Analysis shows Modu built a nomadic regime based on a migratory economy,spreading from Liaodong in the east,passing through Congling in the west,reaching Baikal Lake in the north,and ending at the Great Wall in the south. In order to effectively rule this vast area, investigations indicate that Xiongnu constructed a political system in which clans( driven by marriage tie) and the Luandi clan shared political power. In this arrangement,however,the Luandi clan first took the lead,monopolizing and inheriting the throne as well as military and political power. Therefore,the Luandi could effectively control the clans-by-marriage-tie,forcing them to assume lower-ranking positions such as Guduhou,Left or Right Dadanghu,and Left or Right Dajuqu,as well as judicial responsibilities.This Xiongnu political system-based on a nomadic economy-appeared to be considerably unstable. The key to its maintenance was that the Luandi clan could effectively extract material resources from the grasslands and distribute them to the clans-driven-by-marriage by launching a sustainable war of plunder,demanding articles as tribute. In this way,the Luandi tribe obtained local support for their political system and maintained its stability. At an early stage,the Luandi could effectively meet the material needs of the clans-bymarriage-tie,ensuring the permanence of Luandi’s state political power,political system,and core position.After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took power,the Han Empire began to fight back against Xiongnu,leading to one defeat after another for Xiongnu,research reveals. As a consequence,the Luandi clan could no longer acquire external resources to meet the material needs of the clans-bymarriage and thus gradually lost their support.These tribes-by-marriage-tie appeared to also use power expansi
作者
刘俊
Liu Jun(Institute for Western Frontier Region of China,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,710000,Shaanxi,China)
出处
《民族学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第2期98-104,143,共8页
Journal of Ethnology
基金
陕西师范大学“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助”项目“匈奴对外交通研究”(2019TS155)阶段性成果。
关键词
匈奴
挛鞮氏
姻亲氏族
政治体制
嬗变
Xiongnu
clans-by-marriage-tie
evolution
political system
