摘要
【目的】化学品和灌溉水资源的不合理使用是限制小麦生产的重要因子。本研究旨在查明我国北方麦区小麦生产化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状及其减施潜力,并尝试阐述农田经营规模对小麦生产的影响,为小麦可持续生产提供参考依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在我国北方七省开展的大范围小麦生产中化肥、农药和灌溉水使用现状,基于小麦产量形成的养分需求评估北方麦区的化肥减施潜力、基于标准推荐用药量评估农药减施潜力、基于Penman-Monteith估算节水潜力,并尝试分析农田经营规模对小麦产量、化肥和灌溉水投入成本的影响。【结果】各麦区产量间差异较大,春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区平均产量分别为3.0、7.6、4.7和7.4 t·hm^(-2)。春麦区氮磷钾用量分别为87 kg N·hm^(-2)、91 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2)和1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),汾渭平原灌区氮磷钾用量分别为280 kg N·hm^(-2)、133 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2)和1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),黄土高原旱地氮磷钾用量分别为178 kg N·hm^(-2)、117 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2)和25 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),绿洲灌区氮磷钾用量分别为225 kg N·hm^(-2)、168 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2)和15 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)。氮磷肥用量偏高,钾肥用量不足普遍存在。汾渭平原灌区的氮、磷肥减施潜力分别为25%和40%,黄土高原旱地的氮、磷肥减施潜力分别为24%和57%,春麦区和绿洲灌区的磷肥减施潜力分别为65%和54%。不同麦区农药喷施的次数差异较大。春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区的平均喷药次数分别为1.8、1.4、1.6和1.6次。春麦区、汾渭平原灌区、黄土高原旱地和绿洲灌区的减药潜力分别为40%—70%、54%—83%、40%—65%和50%—83%。施用农药的种类为杀虫杀菌剂和除草剂,杀虫杀菌剂的施用频次较高,占比为73%。杀虫杀菌剂中吡虫啉和三唑酮的用药频次较高,在杀虫杀菌剂中占�
【Objective】The unreasonable use of chemicals and irrigation water is the crucial to limiting the wheat production.The objective of the study was to clarify the current status of chemical fertilizers,pesticides,and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China and their reduction potentials.Further,understanding the effects of farm size on wheat production could provide an effective reference for sustainable wheat production in China.【Method】Based on a large-scale survey in seven provinces of Northern China during 2018-2019,based on the nutrient requirements formed by wheat yield,the potential of fertilizer reduction in northern wheat regions and the potential of pesticide reduction based on the recommended amount of pesticides were assessed,and the water-saving potential based on Penman-Monteith was estimated,and then the effects of farm size on wheat yield and the input costs of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water were investigated.【Result】The mean wheat yields of spring wheat area,Fenwei Plain,Loess Plateau,and oasis irrigation area were 3.0,7.6,4.7,and 7.4 t·hm^(-2),respectively.The application rate of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilizer was 87 kg N·hm^(-2),91 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2),and 1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)in spring wheat area,was 280 kg N·hm^(-2),133 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2),and 1 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)in Fenwei Plain,was 178 kg N·hm^(-2),117 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2),and 25 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)in Loess Plateau,and was 225 kg N·hm^(-2),168 kg P_(2)O_(2)·hm^(-2),and 15 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)in oasis irrigation area,respectively.The problems of excessive application of N and P fertilizers and insufficient application of K fertilizers coexisted.The reduction potential of N and P fertilizers was 25%and 40%in Fenwei Plain,respectively,which was 24%and 57%in Loess Plateau,respectively.The reduction potential of P fertilizer was 65%and 54%in spring wheat area and oasis irrigation area,respectively.The use of pesticides varied greatly in different areas of wheat production.In the spri
作者
魏蕾
米晓田
孙利谦
李昭敏
石美
何刚
王朝辉
WEI Lei;MI XiaoTian;SUN LiQian;LI ZhaoMin;SHI Mei;HE Gang;WANG ZhaoHui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agoenvironment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第13期2584-2597,共14页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900700,2018YFD0200408)
国家自然科学基金(31902120)。
关键词
农户
化肥
农药
灌溉水
减用潜力
农田经营规模
farmers
chemical fertilizer
pesticides
irrigation water
reducing potential
farm size
