摘要
随着当代西方民主运行越发依赖于民众,政党竞争的“盲动性”正在改变代议民主制度,推动民粹主义勃兴,政治动荡不定。主流政党遂也采取民粹手段,或转型为民粹政党,加剧政党竞争的激烈程度。主流政党的民粹化转型对国家、地区和全球政治都产生了严峻的侵蚀作用。既有研究仅论及主流政党的“软民粹”竞选策略,没有讨论彻底的民粹化转型。从理性选择视角出发,考虑到选民市场的成本与收益以及民粹政党兴起的“供需逻辑”,选举波动性的强/弱与议题所有权的大/小为主流政党民粹化转型提供了四种机制动力,即联合、吸纳、精炼与赋魅。前两种机制分别为水平联合外部力量、吸收外部极端势力,民粹转型均需要在与外部的互动中得以实现,后两种机制分别为精炼所持议题中的民粹芯子、为民粹行动赋魅以增加正当性,属于主流政党的内部调整。实证研究表明,不同机制动力的发生,在于所在国政党制度与主流政党所持议题等条件的差异。随着媒介技术等种种公民赋权方式的新发展,大众愈发属意于民粹政治,使其逐渐合理化、普遍化,“精英—大众”的权力关系边界随之被颠覆,主流政党的民粹化转型在全球加速形成趋势。
As contemporary Western democracy becomes more and more dependent on the voters,the“blindness”of party competition is changing the system of representative democracy,promoting the rise of populism and political instability.As mainstream parties are resorting to populist tactics or transforming into populist parties,party competition has become intensified.The populist transformation of mainstream parties has serious effect on national,regional,and global politics.Existing research has only addressed the“soft populist”campaign strategies of mainstream parties,but not the complete populist transformation.From a rational choice perspective,given the costs and benefits of voting markets and the“supply and demand logic”of the rise of populist parties,the degree of electoral volatility and issue ownership combined can create four dynamics for the populist transformation of mainstream parties,namely coalition,cooptation,refinement,and re-enchantment.The first two mechanisms are horizontal coalition with external forces and cooptation of external extremist forces,where populist transformation needs to be realized through interaction with external parties.The other two mechanisms are refining the populist cores of their own issues and giving legitimacy to populist actions,which are internal adjustments of mainstream parties.Empirical studies show that different dynamics occur due to the differences in the party system and in the issues held by mainstream parties in their countries.With latest developments in media technology and other forms of civic empowerment,populist politics has become increasingly popular and gradually rationalized,and the boundaries of“elites-masses”relationship eroded.
出处
《外交评论（外交学院学报）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期70-98,I0003,I0004,共31页
Foreign Affairs Review
基金
上海市社科规划青年课题“中东欧民粹主义政党的兴起及对中国—中东欧合作的影响研究”(项目编号:2021EGJ003)的阶段性成果。
关键词
民粹主义
政党竞争
民粹化转型
选举波动性
议题所有权
西方
中东欧
populism
party competition
populistization
electoral volatility
issue ownership
Western world
Central and Eastern Europe
