摘要
被害人自我答责理论强调自我决定,从而保障个人自由。法所关注的领域,是交往性的契约领域。非契约领域,属于个体的自治空间。刑法并不关注发生在"自我管辖领域"内的"侵害行为和侵害结果"。在自治领域,被害人应当确保"结果的不发生"。对参与被害人"自我管辖领域"内的行为,立足于限制的正犯概念和共犯的二元参与体系的概念,能够在教义学上得到准确解读。义务人在事实上有防止结果发生的可能性、义务履行与利益损害不能显著失衡、不能以生命为代价履行义务、人身保护与财产保护义务的"强制力"应当有别,是考量作为义务边界的因素。超出财产保护义务履行范围的,义务人完全进入到了自我管辖的空间。对于造成的损害结果,由被害人答责。超越人身保护义务的,应区分职业义务人与非职业义务人,分别对待。行为人创设的风险与职业义务人伤亡之间存在紧密关联之时,属于急迫性风险,由行为人答责。职业义务人正常履行职业义务的,属于职业性管辖。职业义务人发生误判之时,不能由职业义务人自我答责。无义务者实施保护行为造成损害的,应该对侵害结果自我答责。
The theories of victim’s self-responsibility protect individual freedom via attaching enhanced importance to self-determination.The focus of law is on the area of communicative contracts.The non-contractual area is pure individual autonomy.Criminal law does not pay attention to the“infringement behavior and result”when infringement as such occurs within“individual autonomy”.Within the field of self-autonomy,victim shall ensure that“the injury does not happen”.Regarding victim’s behaviors within the scope of individual autonomy,legal doctrines can be properly applied to the interpretation of restricted principal offender and dual participation system for accomplices.Determining the act obligation shall consider following factors:the obligor actually has the possibility of preventing the result from happening;the obligor’s performances and potential damages shall neither significantly out of balance,nor at the cost of life;and the“coercive force”of obligation as such shall be different between the physical protection and property protection.If the scope of performance of the property protection obligation is exceeded,the obligor has completely entered the realm of individual autonomy,and the victim shall be responsible for any damage caused.Those who exceed the obligation of physical protection shall be considered separately between professional obligors and non-professional obligors.An urgent risk occurs when there is a close relationship between the risk created by the actor and the casualties of the professional obligor,and the actor shall be responsible for it.A normal performance out of the professional obligations belongs to the professional obligor’s jurisdiction.While performing the professional obligations,the professional obligors may not be self-responsible for their misjudgments.If the non-obligated person performs a protective act and causes damage,this person shall be accountable for the infringement result.
出处
《中外法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第1期202-221,共20页
Peking University Law Journal
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“风险社会背景下被害人行为的刑法意义研究”(项目编号:16BFX087)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
过失犯
作为义务
自我决定
自我答责
边界
Negligent Crime
Act Duty
Self-determination
Self-responsibility
Boundary
