摘要
南宋科举政策演变未如北宋规模之大,然而这一时期是改革经验、教训的总结时期,也是此前各科举政策理念的落实阶段。决策者结合现实情况,从务实与调和原则出发,制定系列政策进行平衡,并深化执行细则以规范与引导。在科目设置上调停诗赋、经义争论,兼顾二科并保障经义录取人数比例;在程文考校权重上,回归重诗赋传统,执行时发挥策论在基层选拔中的作用;在官学培养、选拔上,采用鼓励与管控两种手段,将其建设为常举外补充入仕渠道,达到考前培养、考核预备官员的目的,并避免官学垄断出仕渠道。在政策设计理念与具体规定上,形成完善细致、操作性强的统一、标准化体系,促进了科举制度的成熟与定型,同时对明清科举政策产生了较大影响。
The imperial examination reform in the Southern Song Dynasty was not as dramatic as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.Nevertheless,it was a period of learning the lessons of reform and implementing the policies formulated in the Northern Song Dynasty.As the main channel to select candidates for state bureaucracy,the imperial examination brought up an imperial examination society,which tended to be highly developed during the Southern Song Dynasty.Given the growing numbers of exam candidates and the increasing difficulties of administrative management,policy designers had to set up a set of consistent and operable criteria to guarantee fairness and openness of the examination,while also maintaining the efficiency of the system under such pressure.The policy makers formulated relevant policies in three aspects:exam subjects,exam essays,and official school education,considering the real situation on the one hand and making some compromises on the other.Meanwhile,detailed examination implementation rules were refined to further regulate and guide the examinations.Firstly,they downplayed the debate on whether Shifu(诗赋,poem and prose)or Confucian classics was the solely justifiable exam subject for talent selection,a debate which had started in the early Song period,and grown heated in the Xining period.They realized that the Shifu was irreplaceable for ensuring fairness of the primary exams and recognized that the Confucian classics added a practical emphasis to the exam contents.Hence,the government kept both subjects,while offering higher admission ratio to exam candidates who took the Confucian classics subject.Secondly,the government kept a balance between the two exam essay forms,namely Shifu and Celun(策论,policy essay).Following the early Northern Song’s example,the government increased the proportion of Shifu in exam essay contents.On the other hand,while continuing the trend established in the middle Northern Song,they emphasized Celun in the primary level examinations,especially in exam topic setting
作者
汪潇晨
Wang Xiaochen(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Zhejiang University City College,Hangzhou 310015,China)
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第6期29-41,共13页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
浙江省哲学社会科学重点研究基地课题(20JDZD008)
杭州市哲学社会科学规划课题(2019JD58)。
关键词
南宋
科举政策
科目
程文
官学培养
the Southern Song Dynasty
Imperial Examination policy
subject
exam essays
official education trainings
