摘要
如今美国反垄断法陷入了一种两难境地,一方面它追求旨在界定和实施合理经济目标的技术规则,另一方面要求一场新反垄断“运动”的政治呼声日益高涨。“运动型”反垄断倾向于追求反对产业集中、限制大企业的经济或政治力量、矫正财富分配不均、控制高利润、提高工资或保护小企业等替代目标,将不令人满意的反垄断现状归罪于消费者福利标准,并且漠视甚至蔑视低消费价格的重要性。“技术型”反垄断则以保护高产出和低价格作为公开追求的目的,并在反垄断政策制定机构受到各种重大约束的现实框架下,依靠证据和专家发展一种实现这一理想的方法。“技术型”反垄断法是20世纪七八十年代以来在芝加哥学派和哈佛学派的共同推动下确立起来的,具有广泛而深远的智识基础。这一路径更符合人们对于经济理性、正当程序、可操作性以及联邦主义的关切。然而,“技术型”反垄断也存在几个有待改进的领域,尤其是过去相对宽松的并购执法导致了市场集中度的普遍上涨,以及对劳动力市场上买方垄断势力的处理力度不够。修复当今反垄断法缺陷的方式并非诉诸一系列不受约束的目的,因为它们非但不能提供任何指导,反而会对经济造成严重损害。正确的出路在于持续调整反垄断执法的技术规则,以反映学术研究和实践经验带来的新认识。
Antitrust in the United States today is caught between its pursuit of technical rules designed to define and implement defensible economic goals,and increasing calls for a new antitrust“movement”.The“movement”antitrust tends to pursue such goals as combating industrial concentration,limiting the economic or political power of large firms,correcting the maldistribution of wealth,control of high profits,increasing wages,or protection of small business.It takes the consumer welfare standard as the scapegoat for the present unsatisfactory antitrust enforcement,and it is indifferent to or even disparages low consumer prices.The“technical”antitrust has its stated goal the protection of high output and low prices,and it relies on evidence and experts to develop an approach that tries to give effect to this goal,consistent with the substantial limitations of the institutions that make antitrust policy.The“technical”antitrust laws are formulated under the joint influence of Chicago School and Harvard School since 1970s and 1980s,with solid and deep intellectual basis.This approach is much more consistent with concerns about economic rationality,due process,administrability,and federalism.However,there are several areas where“technical”antitrust rules could be improved,mainly the rising market power throughout the economy due to relaxed antitrust enforcement,and antitrust’s historical failure to deal adequately with monopsony power in labor markets.The way to repair deficiencies in antitrust law today is not to resort to an undisciplined set of goals that provide no guidance and could do serious harm to the economy.Rather,it is to make ongoing adjustments in our technical rules of antitrust enforcement which reflect what research and experience have taught us.
作者
兰磊(译)
王也钦(译)
Herbert Hovenkamp;LAN Lei(Translator);WANG Yeqin(Translator)
出处
《经贸法律评论》
2021年第6期112-158,共47页
Business and Economic Law Review
