摘要
持枪自由引发的枪支暴力成为美国主要的社会问题之一。2017年10月至2019年10月间美国民意调查数据显示60%以上民众认为应该加强枪支管控。美国作为一个西方民主国家,政府由选民通过投票方式选举产生,其优势通常被认为是政府能够对民众的诉求有比较直接的回应,但为什么到目前为止,持枪自由的政策没有变化?现有研究既倾向于从单一或多元因素来阐述美国的持枪自由政策,对与枪支相关的行为体的互动关注不足;又倾向于将禁枪作为枪支管控的主要内容,忽略了枪支管控辩论内容的改变。针对既有研究的不足,本文从利益集团与政府规制的视角来分析美国的枪支管控政策。利益集团影响下的枪支管控政策主要集中于对于宪法第二条修正案的解释,当前有关禁枪的讨论实际进入了一个新阶段,支持枪支管控的人重点主张禁用某种类型的枪支以及禁止未通过背景审查尤其是有精神类疾病的人持枪的权利。但美国枪支管控政策的一个重要特点是国家层面的政策相对较少,各州之间的政策差别很大。由于管辖权问题的存在,枪支可以从管控程度较低的州流向管控程度较高的州,使得枪支管控政策趋于无效。
Gun violence as a result of the right to bear arms has become one of the major social problems in the United States.The opinion poll data from October 2017 to October 2019 shows that more than 60 percent of the people in the US support stricter gun control.As a democratic country whose government is elected by voters,the US is believed to be able to directly respond to the people’s demands.But why has there been no change in gun ownership policies so far?Existing studies tend to explain the American gun control policy from single or multiple factors and pay insufficient attention to the interaction of gun-related actors.Also,the research tends to focus on gun prohibition as the substance of gun control policies,while ignoring changes in the gun control debate.Given the deficiencies of existing research,this paper approaches the gun control policies from the perspective of interest groups and government regulation in the US.Since gun control policies,under the influence of interest groups,focus on the interpretation of the Second Amendment to the US Constitution,the current debate on gun prohibition has entered a new stage.Those who support gun control advocate the ban of certain types of guns and denying the right to bear arms for individuals who have not passed background checks,especially those with mental illness.But a striking feature of US gun control is that there are relatively few gun laws at the federal level,and gun laws vary significantly among states.Because of jurisdictional issues,guns can flow from less regulated states to more regulated states,making gun control policies ineffective.
出处
《国际论坛》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第6期140-154,160,共16页
International Forum
基金
2019年国家留学基金委员会“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”(项目编号:201906200050)奖学金资助。
