摘要
集中成熟是棉花机械收获的基本要求,系指整株棉花的棉铃集中在一个较短的时间段内成熟吐絮的现象,而集中成熟栽培则是指实现棉花优化成铃、集中吐絮的栽培管理技术和方法。经过多年研究和实践,我国棉花集中成熟栽培的理论和技术业已形成,成为现代植棉理论与技术的重要内容。本文对棉花集中成熟的概念与内涵、关键栽培技术及其生理生态学机理进行了创新性总结。棉花集中成熟栽培要从播种开始,通过单粒精播技术实现一播全苗、壮苗,为集中成熟创造稳健的基础群体;在全苗壮苗基础上,以集中成熟为目标,根据当地的生态条件和生产条件,综合运用水、肥、药调控棉花个体和群体生长发育,构建集中结铃的株型和集中成熟的高效群体结构,实现优化成铃、集中吐絮。单粒精播能够创造适宜的顶土压力和出苗前的黑暗环境,诱导棉苗顶端弯钩形成和下胚轴增粗关键基因表达,促进弯钩形成、下胚轴稳健生长和顶土出苗;出苗后具有独立的生长空间,相互影响小,形成壮苗。密植与化控降低了叶枝叶的光合作用,诱导激素代谢关键基因表达,改变了内源激素含量和分布,抑制了叶枝和主茎顶端生长,实现了免整枝并促进了集中结铃;分区灌溉诱导叶片合成大量茉莉酸,其作为信号分子通过韧皮部运输到灌水区根系,促进水孔蛋白基因表达,提高了根系吸水能力和水分利用率;膜下分区滴灌、水肥协同管理,进一步提高了棉花光合产物向产品形成器官的分配比例和棉株化学脱叶率,促进了集中成熟和高效脱叶,在节水减肥的前提下,产量不减,机采籽棉含杂率显著降低。棉花集中成熟栽培理论与技术是新时代棉花栽培学研究的新成果,是现代棉业发展的重要科技支撑。展望未来,应在深入研究棉花集中成熟栽培生理生态学机制的基础上,选用更加配套的棉花新�
Concentrated maturation is the basic requirement of cotton mechanical harvesting,referring to the phenomenon that bolls of the whole cotton plant complete opening in a relatively short period of time.Concentrated maturation cultivation refers to the cultivation management technique and measure for achieving optimized fruiting and grouped maturation in cotton.After many years of research and practice,the theory and technology of centralized maturation cultivation of cotton in China have been established,becoming an important approach of modern cotton farming theory and technology.The concept and connotation,key regulatory technologies and the eco-physiological mechanisms of cotton concentrated maturation were innovatively highlighted and reviewed in this paper.The cultivation and regulation for cotton concentrated maturation should start from sowing.The precision monoseeding technology assured well-established strong seedlings,which created a solid basic population for realization of concentrated maturation.Based on good stand establishment,irrigation,fertilization and plant growth regulators were comprehensively used to regulate the growth and development of plant individuals and populations to construct the ideal plant type and the efficient population structure according to local ecological conditions and production conditions,and finally realize the optimized spatiotemporal distribution and concentrated opening of cotton bolls.Precision monoseeding created a suitable soil pressure to seedlings during emergence and a dark environment before emergence,and induced expression of apical hook formation-and hypocotyl elongation-related genes,which promoted hook formation and hypocotyl growth and seedling emergence.The seedlings under monoseeding had independent growth space after emergence,which had little mutual influence and were easy to establish strong seedlings.Close-planting and chemical control inhibited the photosynthesis of leaves sourced from vegetative branches,and altered the content and distribution of e
作者
聂军军
代建龙
杜明伟
张艳军
田晓莉
李召虎
董合忠
NIE JunJun;DAI JianLong;DU MingWei;ZHANG YanJun;TIAN XiaoLi;LI ZhaoHu;DONG HeZhong(Cotton Research Center,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100;College of Agronomy,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第20期4286-4298,共13页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家重点研发计划(2020YFD1001002)
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-15-15,CARS-15-16)。
关键词
棉花
集中成熟
高效群体
优化成铃
高效脱叶
栽培技术
cotton
concentrated maturation
high-efficiency population
optimization of boll-setting
high-efficiency defoliation
cultivation technology
