摘要
清末民初近代教育急剧转型,学制中如何处置"中学",尤其是使用了六百多年的科举指定教材《四书》成为时代难题。晚清新政在《壬寅癸卯学制》中以课程形式对《四书》做出了较为完整的大众化教育制度设计:目标化、分科化、课时化、序列化、数量化、适切化,并配以相对规范的教学方法和评估体系,初步完成了传统教育内容的近代课程化。但清末民初国内外形势逼仄,"新旧""中西""古今"之学短期内无法调适,在阻止民间对《四书》课程新解读之后,晚清政府也不得不对此种制度设计加以修订、调整,终在1911—1912年政体变更之际,晚清和民国接续将废止中小学读经坐实,即使尊孔读经在1914—1915年得以短暂恢复,不久即被从学制中再次删除。此后,《四书》课程化以经传选读的形式在近现代中小学教材中持续呈现。晚清民初《四书》课程化结局是近代社会历史发展的诸多因素造成的,然而其在教育变革中的课时竞夺失利是核心因素,评价虚置和课程创新不足则又加重了这一结果,但《四书》课程化的后续发展并未停止,仍然在不断的调适中。
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,modern education changed rapidly,and how to deal with"Chinese culture"in the school system,especially"The Four Books",the textbook designated for the imperial examination for more than six hundred years,became a difficult problem of the time.New Deal in late Qing Dynasty in"the Renyin Guimao frame system"of"The Four Books"in the form of courses in the popularization made a relatively complete education system design:the target,branch length,serialization,quantification,appropriation,and relative standard teaching methods and evaluation system,preliminary completed the modern course of traditional education content.But due to the sociopolitical backgrounds,during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,the"ancient and modern","old and new","Chinese and western"studies could not make adjustments shortly.After trying to prevent the new interpretation of"The Four Books"course,the late Qing government had to adjust this kind of system design.Finally,in 1911-1912 during the regime change,the late Qing Dynasty and the republic of China has succeeded to repeal the classics reading in primary and secondary schools.Although the study of Confucius was briefly restored in 1914-1915,it was soon removed from the school system again.Since then,the curriculumization of the Four Books has been continuously presented in modern textbooks for primary and secondary schools in the form of biographies and selected readings.In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,the result of the Four Books curriculum was caused by many factors of the development of modern society.However,the core factor was the failure of lesson competition in the educational reform,which was aggravated by the lack of evaluation and curriculum innovation.But,the follow-up development of the four books curriculum did not stop,and it was still in constant adjustment.
作者
祝安顺
ZHU Anshun(The Jao Tsung-I Institute of Culture Studies,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,518060,China)
出处
《全球教育展望》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第9期15-31,共17页
Global Education
基金
国家语委科研重大项目“中华优秀传统文化的教材建设与传承实践验证研究”(项目编号:ZDA135-5)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
《四书》
课程化
课时竞夺
评价虚置
课程创新
The Four Books
curriculum provision
lesson competition
evaluation of virtual education
educational innovation
