摘要
川渝石窟唐宋时期的造像记、修妆记、工匠题记及其他碑记等摩崖题刻中保存有一批与石窟营造工匠有关的资料。系统辑录、考证相关材料可知,川渝唐宋石窟营建工匠有完备的分工,涉及石匠、画匠、镌字匠、木匠等四个工种,其中石匠最为重要,其开龛镌像的程序可依据未完工的小型龛像大体推知,各工种都有相应的头目,又以技艺高低区分为都料、博士、匠三个级别,此外还有总领营造之事的负责人,较大规模的营造工事可能还存在特聘的专门工匠。工匠团队的组织结构大致有分工合作式和家族式两种。工匠团队成员的形象偶尔也出现在石窟造像中。对川渝石窟古代工匠的研究将进一步加深我们对该区域现存龛像的理解。
In the Tang and Song dynasties grottoes in Sichuan and Chongqing there are four kinds of cliff inscriptions that mention craftsmen.Based on a systematic compilation and textual research of these inscriptions,this paper concludes that the craftsmen of the Tang and Song dynasty grottoes in Sichuan and Chongqing worked according to a clear-cut division of labor.This division involved the four roles of stonemasons,painters,engravers and carpenters,among which the stonemasons were the most important.The importance of stonemasons can be judged from the detail and expertise necessary for carving niches with statues,the process of which can be roughly inferred from unfinished extant niches.In addition to a general director that was in charge of the general construction,each type of work had its own leaders that could be divided into the three ranks of duliao,boshi and jiang based on level of skill.Special craftsmen skilled in particular areas may also have been employed for large-scale construction work.There were two types of craftsman teams,one that depended on the division and cooperation of labor for its organization,the other consisting of workmen from the same family.Images of craftsman from different teams can be seen carved in several places throughout the caves.The study of ancient labor structures and craftsmen in the grottoes of Sichuan and Chongqing will further deepen our understanding of the construction and content of niche carvings in this region.
作者
董华锋
李菲
DONG Huafeng;LI Fei(School of Archaeology and Museology,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan,610064)
出处
《敦煌研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期86-94,共9页
Dunhuang Research
基金
中国博士后科学基金第13批特别资助项目(2020T130442)
四川省社科规划基地重大项目(SC20EZD025)
国家社科基金重大招标项目(18ZDA222)。
关键词
川渝石窟
摩崖题刻
古代工匠
石窟营建
Sichuan and Chongqing grottoes
cliff inscriptions
ancient craftsmen
cave construction
