摘要
实现制造强国目标必须加快推进制造业智能转型。利用IFR国别数据总结了全球工业机器人应用的如下“卡尔多事实”:多数经济发达国家的人口结构变动导致了“机器换人”;工业机器人应用加快了资本深化过程;主要国家推进工业机器人应用均基于本国的产业比较优势,并将其主要应用于高技术制造业;重大技术突破主要依赖于行业内头部企业的长期技术积累。对中国代表性工业机器人及智能制造企业的调查研究表明,工业机器人头部企业的初始发展路径都具有相似产业背景;当前中国工业机器人在一般制造业应用中存在过度推广问题,在附加值较高的零部件制造业中应用程度相对不高。理论和调查研究都表明,推进工业机器人应用可通过提高生产效率和优化要素配置结构来促进制造业转型升级,但其也会对资本、劳动力等要素市场产生交互影响。因此,相关产业政策制定应遵循全球工业机器人应用的典型化特征规律,因地制宜、分门别类地引导推进工业机器人更多地应用于高技术制造业,避免盲目实施“机器换人”。
To achieve the goal of manufacturing power,the intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry should be accelerated.Based on IFR country data,this paper summarizes five"Kaldor typical facts"of global industrial robot application,that is,the demographic changes of most countries with high economic development level lead to"machine replacement",the application of industrial robot increases the process of capital deepening,and the main countries promote the application of industrial robot based on their own industrial comparative advantages,And it is mainly used in high-tech manufacturing industry.Major technological breakthroughs mainly depend on the long-term technology accumulation of the leading enterprises in the industry.In this paper,the investigation of representative industrial robots and intelligent manufacturing enterprises in China further shows that the initial development path of industrial robot head enterprises has a similar industrial background.At present,there is the problem of over promotion of industrial robots in general manufacturing industry in China,and the degree of application in high value-added parts manufacturing industry is relatively low.Both theory and investigation show that promoting the application of industrial robots can promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry by improving production efficiency and optimizing the structure of factor allocation,but it will also have interactive effects on the capital,labor and other factor markets.Therefore,the relevant policy-making should follow the typical characteristics of the global industrial robot application,adjust measures to local conditions,and guide and promote China's industrial robots to be more used in high-tech manufacturing industry,so as to avoid the blind implementation of"machine replacement".
作者
邓仲良
屈小博
DENG Zhong-liang;QU Xiao-bo
出处
《改革》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第8期25-37,共13页
Reform
基金
中国社会科学院国情调研重大项目“产业结构调整升级背景下的机器人替代战略实施状况调研”(GQZD2020004)
中国社会科学院青年人文社会科学调研项目“京津冀协调发展背景下的人口疏解政策调研”(2021QNZX002)。
关键词
工业机器人
制造业发展
数字经济
industrial robot
the development of manufacturing industry
digital economy
