摘要
在工业社会低度复杂性和低度不确定性条件下,行动目标与目的间呈现出辩证关系。总的说来,目标是目的的具象化。一个目的可以通过多个目标来加以体现,而多个目标的实现也就意味着逼近了目的。目的是包含在目标之中的,也存在于朝着目标行动的过程中,而行动目标必须在合乎科学理性、技术理性的意义上具有合理性。组织是行动者,一切具有社会属性的目标都是通过以组织形式出现的行动而实现的。工业社会的基本组织形式是官僚制组织,而在风险社会及其高度复杂性和高度不确定性条件下,适切的行动者是合作制组织。官僚制组织总是基于目标开展行动,除了组织的领导者,几乎没有人关注组织的目的。合作制组织不同,行动基本环境的高度复杂性和高度不确定性意味着它无法确立目标,但它始终贯彻为了人的共生共在的目的,直接地基于目的而承担任务和开展行动。
Under the condition of low complexity and low uncertainty in the industrial society,there is a dialectical relationship between action objective and purpose.Generally speaking,action objectives are the concretization of a purpose.A purpose can be reflected by multiple objectives,while the realization of multiple objectives means approaching the purpose.The purpose is contained in the multiple objectives,and also exists in the process of action towards the objectives.The action objectives must be reasonable in the sense of scientific rationality and technical rationality.Organizations are actors,and all objectives with social attributes are achieved through organizational action.The basic organizational form of industrial society is bureaucratic organization,while in the risk society with its high complexity and high uncertainty,the appropriate actor is cooperative organization.Bureaucratic organizations always act on the basis of objectives.Except for the leaders of the organizations,few people pay attention to the purposes of the organizations.Different from the bureaucratic organization,the high complexity and high uncertainty of the basic condition of action means that the cooperative organization cannot set objectives for itself,rather it always carries out the purpose of human symbiosis and co-existence,and undertakes tasks and conducts action directly for this purpose.
作者
张康之
Zhang Kangzhi(School of Public Administration,Zhejiang Gongshang University,Hangzhou 310018)
出处
《浙江社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第7期44-53,156,157,共12页
Zhejiang Social Sciences
关键词
风险社会
行动
合目的性
合理性
合作行动
risk society
action
purposiveness
rationality
cooperative action
