摘要
呼伦湖是我国北方第一大湖,具有涵养水源、生物多样性维护、气候调节等重要生态功能,对于维系我国北方生态安全屏障具有重要作用.近年来,随着气候暖干化加剧,呼伦湖面临着湖体面积萎缩、芦苇湿地大面积消失、局部草原区退化严重、土地沙化面积扩大、关键种群缺失等生态安全问题.该研究围绕“水资源-水环境-水生态”三水共生目标,以“山水林田湖草沙”系统观为指导,基于遥感和GIS技术对呼伦湖流域1990—2018年的生态安全时空分布格局进行评价.结果表明:①2018年呼伦湖及其流域的生态安全指数分别为0.495和0.774,分别处于预警和良好状态.②呼伦湖流域生态安全自1990年以来分别经历了骤降期、稳定期和恢复期等3个时期,呈现“一林一草一湖”的生态安全分布格局.③2010年呼伦湖生态安全水平最低,主要分布在新开河入湖口、湖西岸大部分区域、湖中心以及湖东南方向的湾口区域;流域则在2015年的生态安全状况最差,主要位于新左旗中部、海拉尔河流域以及呼伦沟等地,尤其是沿乌尔逊河上游东侧地带表现最为突出.④影响呼伦湖流域生态安全水平的主要因素为入湖径流量、蓝藻水华面积占比和水源涵养量,而长期超载过牧、水体污染物浓缩效应以及湿地面积萎缩是限制生态安全水平进一步提升的重要因素.研究显示,呼伦湖流域生态安全与水资源状况密切相关,湖面面积维持在2036 km^(2)以上能保障流域较高的生态安全水平.此外,蓝藻水华面积、放牧强度与湿地面积均关系着区域生态安全,建议通过建立蓝藻水华风险防控体系、合理核定载畜量、保护与修复芦苇湿地以改善局部区域生态安全状况.
As the largest lake in northern China,Hulun Lake has important ecological functions,such as water conservation,biodiversity maintenance and climate regulation,and it plays an important role in maintaining the ecological security barrier in north China.In recent years,with the intensification of the warm and dry climate,Hulun Lake is facing ecological security problems,such as the shrinking of lake area,the disappearance of large reed wetland areas,local grassland degradation,the expansion of land desertification area,and the loss of major populations.The research aimed at water resources,water environment and water ecology.The spatial and temporal distribution pattern and succession of ecological security were evaluated based on remote sensing and GIS technology to call Hulun lake basin from 1990 to 2018.The results showed that the ecological security index of Hulun Lake and its basin was 0.495 and 0.774,respectively,which were in early warning and good state in 2018.Since 1990,the ecological security of the Hulun Lake Basin has experienced three periods of precipitous decline,stable period and recovery period.The ecological security level of Hulun Lake was the lowest,which was mainly distributed in the mouth of Xinkai River,most areas on the west bank of the lake,the center of the lake and the bay mouth area to the southeast of the lake in 2010.The ecological security status of Hulun Lake Basin was the worst in 2015,mainly located in the central part of New Left Banner,the Hailar River Basin and Hulun Valley,especially distributed in the east side of the upper reaches of the Wuerxun River.The main factors affecting the ecological security level of the Hulun Lake Basin were the lake runoff,the proportion of cyanobacteria bloom area and the water resource conservation,while long-term overgrazing,water pollutant concentration and wetland area shrinkage were important factors that limit the further improvement of ecological security.The study revealed that the ecological security of the Hulun Lake Basin is closely r
作者
曹秉帅
单楠
顾羊羊
敖文
庞博
窦华山
王文林
邹长新
CAO Bingshuai;SHAN Nan;GU Yangyang;AO Wen;PANG Bo;DOU Huashan;WANG Wenlin;ZOU Changxin(Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Nanjing 210042,China;Administration Burean of Inner Mongolia Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve,Hulunbuir 021000,China;Hulun Lake Research Center,Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Nanjing 210042,China)
出处
《环境科学研究》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第4期801-811,共11页
Research of Environmental Sciences
基金
国家重点研发计划(No.2017YFC0506601)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(No.GYZX190307)
呼伦湖生态安全调查评估项目(No.D03150701100216)。
关键词
呼伦湖
生态安全评价
时空分布格局
变化趋势
Hulun Lake
ecological security assessment
spatial and temporal distribution pattern
change trend
