摘要
文章旨在表明以实证主义为取向的社会科学,与自然科学保持着巨大的方法论分野,这是由社会行动之客观限定与主观方面共同造成的结果。社会行动的不稳定决定了,既不能够将其高度形式化,即把行动简单化约为结构的微观产物,也不能把行动完全等同于主观的内心投射,即把它视为个体自由意志的直接外化。制度文化作为客观限定,很难以还原论的角度落到行动者选择层面,而主观方面的意识流与情感释放,同样经受了理性的心理过滤,故亦不能够将主观意义化约为行动本身。这意味着不仅宏观的结构形式之于行动是不完全的,而且个体主观意义之于行动的发生亦是如此。行动及其主观意义在操作化上面临双重困难。对社会行动研究来说,从行动者出发的意义及其主观诠释是不完全的,并且在社会学的解释学层面,研究本身即为一种建构,它之于驱动行动对象的丰富意义产生了某种偏离。在行动研究的客观方面,简化论虽保证了其形式科学性,但理性主义的叙事特征及研究方法只能将现实高度裁剪。在行动研究的主观方面,主体间性构成了主观移情的最大障碍。所以必须充分认识到社会科学研究的限度所在,这样才存在突破的可能性。
This article aims to show that positivism-oriented social science has huge methodological divergence from natural science. This is a result of objective limitation and subjective aspects of social actions. The instability of social action determines that it can neither be highly formalized, i.e., its simple reduction to a microscopic product of structure, nor be completely equal to the inner projection of subjectivism, i.e., the direct externalization of the individual will. In this way, it is difficult for institutional structure and culture, as is objectively defined, to fall to the level of actor selection from the perspective of reductionism. The stream of consciousness and emotional release as subjective aspects, also undergoes rational psychological filtering, so it cannot reduce the subjective meaning into action itself. This means that the macro structural form is incomplete for action, so is the subjective meaning of the individual for action. Therefore, action and its subjective meaning face double difficulties in operation. For social science research such as social action, the meaning and subjective interpretation from the actors are incomplete, and at the level of sociological hermeneutics, the research itself is also a construction. It has a certain deviation in driving the rich meaning of the action object. In the objective aspect of action research, although the simplification theory guarantees its formal scientificity, the narrative characteristics and research methods of rationalism can only cut the reality highly. In the subjective aspect of action research, intersubjectivity constitutes the biggest obstacle to subjective empathy. Therefore, the full understanding of the limits of social science research paves the way for further breakthroughs.
作者
门豪
MEN Hao(School of Social and Behatioral Seiences,Nanjing University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China)
出处
《太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）》
2020年第6期43-51,共9页
Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)
关键词
理解社会学
社会科学
社会行动
有限科学
行动研究
understanding sociology
social science
social action
limited science
action research
