摘要
受传统儒家将道德外在化、绝对化为形而上“天理”,或内在化、绝对化为形而上“心体”的范式影响,学界对孔子及其弟子思想中的事功因素探讨相对薄弱。实际上,孔子的伦理思想中存在内在与外在、绝对与相对,以及道德与功利的内在矛盾,其思想很大程度上具有在重视事实、功利基础上将道德外在化、相对化的倾向。这一特点直接影响了孔门弟子事功思想的产生,子夏、子贡等人重视经验、实践,强调功利的思想方法,萌发了向“法”的客观之“信”、重视力量之“势”、功利评价标准、宽容革新等的转向。子夏的“西河之学”直接推动了早期法家思想的诞生,孔门事功思想对战国荀子思想、两宋儒家功利思想、明清儒家事功思想都有深远影响。所以,分析孔子道德论证的内在矛盾,阐明孔门事功思想,对于深人认识孔学,把握其思想影响,无疑具有重要学术价值。
Influenced by the traditional Confucianist paradigms of externalizing and absolutizing morality as metaphysical“heavenly principles”(天理)or internalizing and absolutizing morality as metaphysical“mind”(心体),both of which recognized morality as an absolute entity,little attention has been paid in the academia to the pragmatic factors in the thoughts of Confucius(孔子)and his disciples.In reality,in Confucius’ethical thinking,there existed inherent contradictions between internality and externality,absoluteness and relativeness,and morality and utility.To a great extent,his thought had a tendency to externalize and relativize morality on the basis of focusing on facts and utility.And in many of his dialogues with his disciples,Confucius put a lot of emphases on the objective and pragmatic factors associated with morality,edifying his pragmatic thoughts in some of his disciples like Zi Xia(子夏)and Zi Gong(子贡)with an empirical,pragmatic tendency,which aimed at stressing such notions as the objective“credit”(信)of“law”(法),the“strength”(势)of power,the utility evaluation criteria,and the tolerance for reforms.Zi Xia,the founder of the study of Xihe School(西河之学),directly paved the way to the birth of the early legalism(法家思想)。The pragmatic thoughts of Confucius and his disciples had a profound influence on the thought of Xun Zi(荀子),the utilitarian thoughts of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty,and the pragmatic thoughts of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Therefore,to analyze the contradiction inherent in Confucius’moral justification,and illustrate the pragmatic thought of Confucianism,are undoubtedly of important academic value in deepening our understanding of Confucianism and grasping is ideological influence.
作者
王浦劬
赵滕
Wang Puqu;Zhao Teng(School of Government,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第5期150-160,共11页
Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大研究专项委托项目:《新时代中国特色政治学基本理论问题研究(项目编号:18VXK003)研究成果
教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地——北京大学国家治理研究院项目《利益政治学研究》成果。
关键词
孔子
道德论证
矛盾
事功思想
Confucius(孔子)
moral justification
contradiction
pragmatic thought of Confucianism(事功思想)
