摘要
朱熹对科举制发表过大量言论。朱熹前后,宋人对科举制的批评和建言集中在两个方面:否定科举制,要求恢复隋唐之前的推荐制,即所谓的“乡举里选”;要求变革科举考试内容,主要是改诗赋为策论,为经义。朱熹首先从文人士大夫道德品质的自我修养和完善角度出发批评科举制,进而批评科场文章之刻意求新、胡乱拼凑、内容空洞,认为科举制对士人最大的毒害是“夺志”。朱熹本人是科举的最大受益者之一,所以其又从谋生的角度肯定了科举制一定的合理性。朱熹认为士人和科举制必须有所调整或变革。其一,士人要更多读书;其二,士人要在科举制中保持独立思考;其三,科举制要有变革。《学校贡举私议》集中表达了朱熹对科举制的批评和建言。建言主要有三点:均解额,立德行之科,罢诗赋。朱熹对科举制所发表的大量批评,乃是宋人之共识;所提供的变革措施,既无新意也不可操作。
Zhu Xi made a lot of comments on the imperial examination system.Before and after Zhu Xi,criticisms and suggestions in the Song Dynasty on the imperial examination system focused on two aspects:firstly,denying the imperial examination system and demanding the restoration of the recommendation system before the Sui and Tang dynasties,that is,the so-called "Xiang Ju Li Xuan";secondly,demanding a change in the content of imperial examinations,mainly a change from poetry to policy theory and classics.Zhu Xi first criticized the imperial examination system from the perspective of scholars and bureaucrats’ self-cultivation and self-improvement of moral character and then criticized the deliberate seeking for attraction,poor and random patchworks,and empty words in the examination essays,believing that the greatest harm of the imperial examination system to scholars was "destroying their will".Zhu Xi himself was one of the main beneficiaries of imperial examinations,so he affirmed the reasonableness of the imperial examination system from the perspective of earning a living.Zhu Xi believed that scholars and the imperial examination system must be adjusted or changed.First,scholars should read more;second,scholars should maintain their independent thinking in the imperial examination system;third,there must be changes in the imperial examination system.Zhu Xi expressed his criticisms and suggestions on the imperial examination system in My Personal Opinion on Schooling and Imperial Examinations.There are three main points in his suggestions:equalizing the candidate numbers,establishing a discipline of virtue,and abolishing the discipline of poetry.Zhu Xi ’ s numerous criticisms of the imperial examination system were the consensus among people of the Song Dynasty;the reform measures he offered were neither new nor feasible.
出处
《江苏社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第5期209-218,240,共11页
Jiangsu Social Sciences
基金
中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金)资助项目“宋代文学演变与科举制度”(12XNL004)阶段性成果。
