摘要
汉语老借词"着"在侗台语中多有存在,其借入时间早于与中古汉语对应的老借词主体层,但南部壮语中"着"的使用不普遍。靖西壮语也存在汉语老借词"着",可能原有阴阳两调,后阳调变入阴调,合为第7调。靖西壮语汉语老借词thok^7 "着"可充当实义动词"使……附着"、被动标记和词内成分。作为实义动词,经历了"使固体附着’"沾染液体/使液体附着’"沾染气味/使气味附着’"沾染某些不良行为/使某些不良行为沾上"等演变阶段。作为被动标记,其泛化程度有限;只能与表消极的、不情愿的心理活动动词搭配;能产性弱。作为词内成分,其搭配关系演变如下:与消极的、表不情愿的心理活动动词组合—与表抱怨的行为动词组合—与消极意义很强的动词组合—与积极的、表喜爱的心理活动动词组合—与隐喻喜爱的名词组合。thok^7的用法远少于北部壮语中同样是汉语老借词"着"的t■k^7/t■k^8。原因是thok^7在靖西壮语中不是典型的置放义动词,不具备语法化为处所介词并进而成为持续体标记的基础,也未能语法化为祈使语气词;作为遭受义动词,其在与同义词的竞争中处于劣势,失去向被动标记演变的基础,进而无法演变出道义情态标记用法;使役动词和结果补语(对、中)产生的路径也与北部壮语不同。
There are many old Chinese loanwords in Dong Tai language,whose time could be chased back to earlier than that of the main body of the old loanwords corresponding to the Middle Ancient Chinese,but the use of "thok"in the southern Zhuang language is not common.There is also an old Chinese loanword"thok"in Jingxi Zhuang ethnic language,which is probably the original Yin and Yang tone,Yang changed into Yin,which combined into the seventh tone.The old loanword from Chinese thok7 can act as a verb "to make...attach to",or a passive marker and in-word component.As a practical verb,it goes through the stages of evolution such as "to attach a solid","to contaminate a liquid/to attach liquid’,"to contaminate a smell/to attach a smell","to contaminate a bad behavior/to attach a bad behavior".As a passive marker,its generalization is limited;it can only be matched with a negative and unwilling mental active verb;it has weak productivity.As an in-word component,its collocation evolves as follows:the combination of negative and reluctant mental activity verbs—the combination of behavioral verbs and complaints—the combination of verbs with strong negative meaning—the combination of positive and loving mental activity verbs—the combination of metaphorical favorite nouns.The use of thok7 is far less than the t■k^7/t■k^8,the old Chinese loanword in northern Zhuang.Because thok7 is not a typical set-up verb in Jingxi Zhuang,and it does not enjoy the basis of grammaticalization into locative preposition and then become a continuum marker,nor can it be grammatically translated into imperative modal particle.As a verb meaning "suffering from...",it is at a disadvantage in the competition with synonyms,and loses the basis of its evolution to passive markers,thus it can not evolve the usage of moral modal markers;the path for causative verb and resultative complement is also different from northern Zhuang language.
作者
吕嵩崧
LYU Song-song(College of Literature and Media,Baise University,Baise 533000)
出处
《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第3期168-176,共9页
Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“功能-类型学取向的汉语语义演变研究”(项目编号:14ZDB098)
“中国境内语言语法化词库建设”(项目编号:15ZDB100)
广西第十九批“十百千人才工程”专项资金的阶段性成果。
关键词
“着”
靖西壮语
侗台语
语言接触
差异
"thok"
Jingxi Zhuang language
Dongtai language
language contact
difference
