摘要
无论证明标准设定多高,它都难以确保事实认定结论的准确性。证明标准只是分配误判有罪风险和误判无罪风险的手段。两种误判风险的分配具有互斥性。误判有罪风险的降低将导致误判无罪风险的提高,反之亦然。因此,证明标准的设定无法逃避艰难的价值权衡和选择。证明标准的设定应当以现代理性选择理论为基础,将错判的预期社会损失最小化作为它的价值目标。影响证明标准预期损失的主要因素是错判有罪所导致的抽象正义损失、具体的个人损失与错判无罪所导致的抽象正义损失,次要因素则是刑罚执行成本所导致的经济损失,但刑罚的预防价值、认定有罪之前所耗费的调查成本、犯罪的严重性和被告人的个人特征均不应作为设定证明标准的影响因素。
Whatever standard of proof is established,it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of established proofs.The standard of proof is just a means of distributing the risks of wrongful conviction and wrongful acquittal.These two kinds of risks are mutually exclusive.To decrease the risk of wrongful conviction can cause the increase of risk of wrongful acquittal and vice versa.Therefore,determination of standard of proof could not avoid the hard work of value balancing and choice.The determination of standard of proof should be based on modem rational choice theory and take the minimization of expected social disutility of erroneous judgments as its value goal.The expected loss that affects the standard of proof is mainly the cost of abstract justice caused by misjudgment of guilt,the cost of specific individual and the loss of abstract justice caused by misjudgment of innocence.The secondary factor is the economic loss caused by the cost of penalty execution,but the value of penalty prevention,the cost of investigation before the conviction of a crime,the seriousness of the crime and the personal characteristics of the defendant should not be taken as the influencing factors for setting the standard of proof.
作者
李昌盛
Li Changsheng(Southwest University of Political Science&Law)
出处
《学术界》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第7期84-96,237,共14页
Academics
基金
2019年度国家社科基金项目“证据的支撑力和区分力问题研究”(19XFX006)的阶段性成果。
关键词
证明标准
确保真实
误判风险
预期社会损失
standard of proof
guarantee of accuracy
risks of erroneous verdict
expected social disutility
