摘要
为解决塑料地膜覆盖及撒施氮肥中农膜残留严重和氮肥利用率低的问题,明确干旱区降解地膜覆盖与不同施氮量条件下农田氮肥的利用特征,在内蒙古河套灌区乌兰布和农场连续2年进行了不同地膜覆盖及不同施氮量试验。设置了降解地膜覆盖农田不施氮(BM0,0 kg/hm^2),基肥施氮量均为56 kg/hm^2下低氮(BM1,160 kg/hm^2)、中氮(BM2,220 kg/hm^2)和高氮(BM3,280 kg/hm^2)4个施氮水平,同时设置了塑料地膜覆盖高氮(PM3)和无膜覆盖高氮(NM3)2个对照,共6个处理,研究了不同地膜覆盖及不同施氮量对氮素在土壤中的分布、累积、渗漏及利用效率的影响。结果表明:0~50 cm土层,与塑料地膜覆盖相比,在第3降解阶段(降解膜出现20~50 cm裂缝)和第4降解阶段(降解膜均匀碎裂),降解地膜覆盖处理2年平均硝态氮含量分别降低了9.49%和28.84%;与无膜处理相比,降解地膜覆盖2年平均硝态氮含量分别提高了20.46%和25.74%(P<0.05)。整个生育期降解地膜覆盖下玉米氮含量仅比塑料地膜覆盖2年平均降低了2.26%,氮淋失量2年平均降低了3.36%,但玉米氮含量分别比无膜处理提高了8.90%和11.38%,氮淋失量分别提高了22.01%和26.25%。降解地膜与塑料地膜覆盖下产量无显著差异,PM3与BM3处理2年平均产量比无膜覆盖处理分别提高了13.67%和18.38%(P<0.05)。随着施氮量增加,土壤中硝态氮含量、玉米氮含量、淋失量和产量增大,BM3处理比BM2和BM1处理在0~30 cm土层2年硝态氮含量增加了49.45%和135.78%,玉米氮含量分别增加了0.78%和24.54%,氮淋失量2年平均分别增加了84.08%和255.37%(P<0.05),2年平均产量分别增加了0.16%和35.37%(P<0.05)。追肥施氮量为220 kg/hm^2的BM2处理的氮肥综合效率最高,每施用1 kg氮肥可以出产27.99 kg玉米,为该地区降解地膜覆盖下较优的施肥模式。
The plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application are important agricultural patterns in arid area,which lead to serious residual plastic film in soil and low nitrogen use efficiency.The biodegradable film mulching and optimal nitrogen application can solve these problems.Different film mulching and different nitrogen application levels treatments were set,and experiment was carried out in both years in the farm of Wulanbuhe,Hetao Irrigation District.Four kinds of nitrogen levels under biodegradable film mulching was applied,including no nitrogen(BM0 for 0 kg/hm^2),low nitrogen(BM1 for 160 kg/hm^2),medium nitrogen(BM2 for 220 kg/hm^2)and high nitrogen(BM3 for 280 kg/hm^2).The base fertilizer nitrogen rate of low nitrogen,medium nitrogen and high nitrogen all were 56 kg/hm^2,and high nitrogen with plastic film mulching(PM3)and high nitrogen with no mulching(NM3)treatment as controls were used,so there was six treatments in all.The effects of different film mulching and different nitrogen application rates on the distribution,accumulation,leaking and utilization efficiency of nitrogen in soil were studied.The results showed that the average nitrate content for biodegradable film mulching in the 0~50 cm soil layer was decreased by 9.49%and 28.84%,respectively,in the third and fourth degradation stages compared with plastic film mulching,but it was increased by 20.46%and 25.74%for biodegradable film mulching compared with no film mulching(P<0.05).The corn nitrogen content for biodegradable film mulching was only 2.26%lower than that of plastic film mulching and 3.36%lower for nitrogen leaching during the whole corn growth stage.However,the corn nitrogen content was increased by 8.90%and 11.38%for biodegradable and plastic film mulching than that of no film mulching,respectively,and 22.01%and 26.25%increased for nitrogen leaching.There was no significant difference in yield between biodegradable film mulching and plastic film mulching,which was 13.67%and 18.38%higher than that of no film mulching,respectiv
作者
李仙岳
冷旭
张景俊
胡小东
樊小芹
LI Xianyue;LENG Xu;ZHANG Jingjun;HU Xiaodong;FAN Xiaoqin(College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Huhhot 010018,China;Engineering Department,Wulanbuhe Irrigation Administration Bureau,Inner Mongolia Hetao Irrigation District,Dengkou 015200,China)
出处
《农业机械学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第7期294-303,共10页
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51969024、51669020、51469022)
内蒙古自治区科技重大专项(zdzx2018059)。
关键词
干旱区
可降解地膜
氮肥调控
产量
氮肥利用
硝态氮
arid area
biodegradable film
nitrogen fertilizer regulation
yield
nitrogen fertilizer utilization
nitrate nitrogen
