摘要
秦代建立三公“九卿”政治制度,三公以丞相为首。但秦存时较短,旧六国势力相继复立其本国制度。楚汉相争期间,相国、丞相的泛置,成为刘邦平定天下、遏制异姓王势力独大的有效工具。其后翦灭异姓王,转封同姓王,虽给予一定的自治权,但保留了相国的任免,有效地对诸王政治、军事进行监管。汉惠帝至景帝时,相国、丞相、相的名称调整,实则反映了汉中央与关东诸侯王政治地位的变迁,体现出政治权力发展过程中的职官灵活性、适用性。汉武帝时,全面改革官制,外收诸侯相权力,内置中朝、尚书分丞相之责。至成帝时,诸(侯)王相制度与汉中央丞相制度皆走向了终点。而丞相(国)制度的发展、演变,本质是政治制度与皇权发展二者相适应政治形势变化、利于政权控制的过程。
In the Qin Dynasty,the political system of“Jiuqing”was established with the prime minister as the leader.However,it existed for a short time,and the old six countries successively established their own systems.During the conflict between Chu and Han Dynasties,the extensive establishment of the prime minister system became an effective tool for Liu Bang to pacify the world and curb the power of the alien king.After that,he cut off the king of different surnames and changed his surname to the king of the same surname.Although he was granted certain autonomy,he retained the appointment and removal of the Xiangguo and effectively supervised the politics and military affairs of the kings.From emperor Hui to emperor Jing,the name adjustment of the prime minister,reflected the change of political status between the central government of Han Dynasty and the princes of Guandong,and reflected the flexibility and applicability of the officials in the process of political power development.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,the official system was reformed in an all-round way,and the powers of the princes were collected from outside,and the responsibilities of the prime ministers were divided into two parts.By the time of emperor Cheng,the system of princes and the system of prime ministers of the central Han Dynasty had come to the end.The development and evolution of the prime minister(state)system is essentially a process in which the political system and the development of the imperial power adapt to the changes of the political situation and are conducive to the control of the political power.
作者
代剑磊
Dai Jianlei(School of History,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100089 China)
出处
《西安文理学院学报（社会科学版）》
2020年第1期45-52,103,共9页
Journal of Xi’an University(Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
相国
汉中央
政治关系演变
丞相
The Central Prime
Central Government
Evolution of Political Relations
The Prime Minister.
