摘要
美国的事证开示程序对案外人苛以宽泛且严格的开示义务,同时也给予其相应的程序保护。管辖权制度是对案外人最重要的程序保护机制之一,是法院强制案外人开示事证的前提。然而,对案外人的管辖权标准与对被告的管辖权标准应呈现何种关系,在美国理论界一直未有定论。近年来,在美国联邦最高法院收缩对被告管辖权标准之际,下级法院却不断扩张对外国案外人的管辖权标准,意在维持并扩张事证开示程序的域外效力,体现了美国对《海牙取证公约》、司法协助等多边主义机制的不信任,将自身法律凌驾于国际秩序、其他国家法律之上的单边主义思维。过去几十年,国际社会一直未能找到能有效遏制美国事证开示程序域外效力的手段。长远来看,唯有建立高效的国际协调与合作机制,方能将国际民事诉讼拉回多边主义正轨。
American discovery imposes broad and severe obligation over nonparty,correspondingly provides procedural protection for nonparty.Personal jurisdiction is one of the most important mechanisms of procedural protection for nonparty,and is the prerequisite that courts could compel nonparty discovery.However,as to the relation between the standard of personal jurisdiction against defendant and that against nonparty,there is no conclusion in American academia up to now.Recently,when Federal Supreme Court of U.S.has limited the personal jurisdiction against defendant,low federal courts have expanded the personal jurisdiction against nonparty step by step,on the purpose of maintaining and expanding extraterritorial effect of American discovery.This shows U.S.distrusts multilateral mechanisms,such as Hague Convention on the Taking Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters,judicial assistance.This is a kind of unilateral way of action that let its domestic law override international order or law of other nations.In past several decades,no effective measure has been found to fight against extraterritorial effect of American discovery.For long term perspective,only the establishment of high efficient international harmonizing and cooperating mechanism could pull international civil procedure back to multilateral track.
出处
《国际法研究》
2020年第1期88-104,共17页
Chinese Review of International Law
关键词
事证开示
案外人
对人管辖权
域外效力
Discovery
Nonparty
Personal Jurisdiction
Extraterritorial Effect
