摘要
康德美学是典型的"心灵-表象"美学:心灵运用其各种认知能力,将客体通过综合而呈现为表象,客体于是通过表象被给予主体,心灵中的鉴赏力则将表象与主体的感受联系起来进行审美判断。但是,康德对于感受力与鉴赏力之间的关系一直语焉不详,从而使其美学主要是一种理性的"判断学"而不是感性的"感受学"。不过,康德也曾经提出了与"反思的鉴赏力"相对的"感官的鉴赏力",还曾经偶然提及舌头、软腭、喉咙、眼睛与耳朵等身体感官,这都可以视为康德审美理论的身体维度。今天看来,人体的各种感官都具有特定的感知能力,客观世界正是通过这些感官而向人类显现的。按照康德目的论哲学包含的"适合性"原理,人类感官与客观事物具有天然的对应关系,客观事物能够以它们为通道而显现其自身。身体美学由此反思、批判进而超越了康德美学,从忽视、掩盖事物自身的"心灵-表象"美学,走向了关切事物自身、邀请事物自身如其本然地显现的"身体-事物自身"美学--后者正是生态美学的核心主题。从这个角度来说,身体美学是扭转康德美学的非生态倾向、进而将之重构为生态美学的最佳中介之一。
Kant’s aesthetics is typical for its"mind-representation".Mind uses all kinds of cognitive faculties to represent the object as a representation through synthesis,and then the object is given to subject through representation.Thus the taste in mind makes aesthetic judgments by connecting the representation with the subject’s feeling.Kant,however,has not elaborated on and clarified the relationship between feeling and taste,thus making his aesthetics mainly"a science of judgment"that is rational rather than"a science of feeling"that is perceptual.However,Kant also proposes"taste of the senses"against"taste of reflection"and occasionally mentions such sense organs as the tongue,the soft palate,the throat,the eyes,and the ears,all of which can be regarded as the soma dimensions of Kant’s aesthetic theory.Today,it is acknowledged that all bodily senses have their own specific perceptual abilities,through which the objective world reveals itself to human beings.According to the principle of"suitability"proposed in Kant’s teleological philosophy,there is a natural correspondence between human senses and objective things,with the latter revealing themselves through the former.Somaesthetics reflects and criticizes Kant’s aesthetics,thereby going beyond it.In this way,somaesthetics transforms the aesthetics of"mind-representation"which ignores and conceals the thing-it-self into the aesthetics of"body-thing-it-self"which has an interest in thing-it-self and invites it to appear;and the latter one is the core concern of ecoaesthetics.From this perspective,somaesthetics is one of the best media to reverse the nonecological trend of Kant’s aesthetics and then to reconstruct it as an ecological one.
作者
程相占
Cheng Xiangzhan(Shandong University Research Center for Literary Theory and Aesthetics)
出处
《文艺理论研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第5期22-31,共10页
Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“生态美学文献整理与研究”[项目编号:16ZDA111]的阶段性成果~~
关键词
康德美学
感受力
身体维度
身体美学
生态美学
Kant’s aesthetics
sensibility
soma dimension
somaesthetics
ecoaesthetics
